Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Jan 1;539:350-358. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.137. Epub 2015 Sep 11.
Human breast milk samples (n=87) collected between July 2004 and July 2005 from primipara and multipara mothers from Thessaloniki, Greece were analysed for six groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs): polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), chlordane compounds (CHLs), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB). DDTs [median: 410ng/g lipid weight (lw)], PCBs (median: 90ng/g lw) and HCHs (median: 40ng/g lw) were the predominantly identified compounds in all the breast milk samples. Levels of PBDEs (median: 1.5ng/g lw) in human breast milk samples from Thessaloniki, Greece were lower compared to other countries. Maternal age had a positive correlation with most compounds, but not with PBDEs. Women with a higher occupational exposure to PBDEs (i.e., working in office environments) had higher PBDE concentrations than all others and showed strong correlations, especially for BDE 47 and BDE 153. None of the analysed compounds showed any correlation with parity. Based on these levels, the daily intake of each group of POPs via human milk was calculated and compared with the tolerable daily intakes (TDI) or the reference doses (RfD). For the majority of samples (85 out of 87) a higher daily intake of PCBs than the TDI was calculated, while 11 out of 87 samples had a higher HCB intake than the TDI. The TDI and the RfD were not exceeded for DDTs and PBDEs, respectively. This is the first report of brominated flame retardants in human breast milk from Greece.
收集了 2004 年 7 月至 2005 年 7 月间希腊塞萨洛尼基市初产妇和经产妇的 87 个人类母乳样本，对 6 组持久性有机污染物（POPs）进行了分析：多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）、多氯联苯（PCBs）、二氯二苯三氯乙烷及其代谢物（DDTs）、氯丹化合物（CHLs）、六氯环己烷异构体（HCHs）和六氯苯（HCB）。所有母乳样本中含量最高的化合物分别为 DDTs（中位数：410ng/g 脂肪重量（lw））、PCBs（中位数：90ng/g lw）和 HCHs（中位数：40ng/g lw）。与其他国家相比，希腊塞萨洛尼基市母乳样本中的 PBDEs 水平（中位数：1.5ng/g lw）较低。母亲年龄与大多数化合物呈正相关，但与 PBDEs 无关。职业性 PBDEs 暴露较高的女性（即在办公环境中工作）的 PBDE 浓度高于其他所有女性，且相关性较强，尤其是 BDE 47 和 BDE 153。没有任何一种分析化合物与生育次数有关。基于这些水平，通过母乳计算了每组 POPs 的日摄入量，并与可耐受日摄入量（TDI）或参考剂量（RfD）进行了比较。对于大多数样本（87 个样本中的 85 个），计算出的 PCBs 日摄入量高于 TDI，而 87 个样本中有 11 个 HCB 日摄入量高于 TDI。DDTs 和 PBDEs 的 TDI 和 RfD 均未超过。这是希腊首次报告母乳中存在溴化阻燃剂。
