Beato Maria Soledad, Cadavid Sara
University of Salamanca, Avenida de la Merced 109-131, E-37005, Salamanca, Spain.
Behav Res Methods. 2016 Dec;48(4):1252-1265. doi: 10.3758/s13428-015-0652-6.
False-memory illusions have been widely studied using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM). In this paradigm, words semantically related to a single nonpresented critical word are studied. In a later memory test, critical words are often falsely recalled and recognized. The present normative study was conducted to measure the theme identifiability of 60 associative word lists in Spanish that include six words (e.g., stove, coat, blanket, scarf, chill, and bonnet) that are simultaneously associated with three critical words (e.g., HEAT, COLD, and WINTER; Beato & Díez, Psicothema, 26, 457-463, 2011). Different levels of backward associative strength were used in the construction of the DRM lists. In addition, we used two types of instructions to obtain theme identifiability. In the without-explanation condition, traditional instructions were used, requesting participants to write the theme list. In the with-explanation condition, the false-memory effect and how the lists were built were explained, and an example of a DRM list and critical words was shown. Participants then had to discover the critical words. The results showed that all lists produced theme identifiability. Moreover, some lists had a higher theme identifiability rate (e.g., 61 % for the critical words LOVE, BOYFRIEND, COUPLE) than others (e.g., 24 % for CITY, PLACE, VILLAGE). After comparing the theme identifiabilities in the different conditions, the results indicated higher theme identifiability when the false-memory effect was explained than without such an explanation. Overall, these new normative data provide a useful tool for those experiments that, for example, aim to analyze the wide differences observed in false memory with DRM lists and the role of theme identifiability.
错误记忆错觉已通过迪斯/罗迪格 - 麦克德莫特范式（DRM）得到广泛研究。在该范式中，对与单个未呈现的关键单词语义相关的单词进行研究。在随后的记忆测试中，关键单词常常被错误地回忆和识别。本规范性研究旨在测量60个西班牙语联想词表的主题可识别性，这些词表包含六个与三个关键单词（如HEAT、COLD和WINTER；贝托和迪埃斯，《心理主题》，26，457 - 463，2011）同时相关的单词（如炉灶、外套、毯子、围巾、寒冷和童帽）。在构建DRM词表时使用了不同水平的逆向联想强度。此外，我们使用了两种类型的指导语来获取主题可识别性。在无解释条件下，使用传统指导语，要求参与者写出主题列表。在有解释条件下，解释了错误记忆效应以及词表的构建方式，并展示了一个DRM词表和关键单词的示例。然后参与者必须找出关键单词。结果表明，所有词表都产生了主题可识别性。此外，一些词表的主题可识别率更高（如关键单词LOVE、BOYFRIEND、COUPLE的识别率为61%），而另一些词表（如CITY、PLACE、VILLAGE的识别率为24%）则较低。在比较不同条件下的主题可识别性后，结果表明，解释错误记忆效应时的主题可识别性高于未作此类解释时。总体而言，这些新的规范性数据为那些旨在分析使用DRM词表观察到的错误记忆中的广泛差异以及主题可识别性作用的实验提供了一个有用的工具。
