体重指数介导低收入对学龄前儿童执行控制的影响，并对行为和学业产生影响。
Body Mass Index Mediates the Effects of Low Income on Preschool Children's Executive Control, with Implications for Behavior and Academics.
作者信息
Tandon Pooja, Thompson Stephanie, Moran Lyndsey, Lengua Liliana
机构信息
1 Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington , Seattle, WA.
2 Seattle Children's Research Institute , Seattle, WA.
出版信息
Child Obes. 2015 Oct;11(5):569-76. doi: 10.1089/chi.2014.0071.
BACKGROUND
Children from low-income backgrounds are more likely to have cognitive impairments, academic problems, and obesity. Biological mechanisms for the relationship between adiposity and neurocognitive functioning have been suggested, but the direction of effects is unclear.
METHODS
The relations among income, BMI, and cognitive-behavioral functioning were modeled longitudinally. Children (n = 306) were assessed at 36-39 months (Time 1; T1) and 63-67 months (Time 4; T4) through anthropometry, measures of executive control (EC), delay ability (DA), and questionnaires on academic readiness, social competence, and behavioral adjustment.
RESULTS
Income was positively related to T1 EC and DA and negatively related to T1 BMI. T1 BMI was negatively related to T4 EC, after controlling for T1 EC, but was unrelated to changes in DA. Neither T1 EC nor DA was related to changes in BMI. T4 EC predicted greater academic readiness and social competence and lower adjustment problems at T4. T4 BMI was related to higher T4 adjustment problems. There was an indirect effect of income on T4 EC through T1 BMI. There were indirect effects of T1 BMI on academic readiness, social competence, and adjustment through T4 EC. Children who were obese at T1 had a 19% lower rate of growth of EC, compared to nonobese children.
CONCLUSIONS
BMI mediates the effect of income on children's EC and has negative implications for academic readiness, social competence, and behavioral adjustment. The dual impact of obesity and cognitive-behavioral problems underscores the importance of early identification of and intervention for overweight children which could have neurocognitive and social-emotional benefits. What's New: BMI mediates the effect of income on preschoolers' executive control (EC) and has negative implications for academic readiness and behavioral adjustment. EC and delay ability did not predict changes in BMI. Early identification of, and intervention for, overweight children may have neurocognitive and social-emotional benefits.
背景
来自低收入家庭的儿童更有可能出现认知障碍、学业问题和肥胖。虽然已经提出了肥胖与神经认知功能之间关系的生物学机制，但影响的方向尚不清楚。
方法
对收入、体重指数（BMI）和认知行为功能之间的关系进行纵向建模。通过人体测量、执行控制（EC）测量、延迟能力（DA）测量以及关于学业准备、社交能力和行为调整的问卷，对306名儿童在36 - 39个月（时间1；T1）和63 - 67个月（时间4；T4）进行评估。
结果
收入与T1时的EC和DA呈正相关，与T1时的BMI呈负相关。在控制T1时的EC后，T1时的BMI与T4时的EC呈负相关，但与DA的变化无关。T1时的EC和DA均与BMI的变化无关。T4时的EC预测了T4时更高的学业准备和社交能力以及更低的调整问题。T4时的BMI与T4时更高的调整问题相关。收入通过T1时的BMI对T4时的EC有间接影响。T1时的BMI通过T4时的EC对学业准备、社交能力和调整有间接影响。与非肥胖儿童相比，T1时肥胖的儿童EC的增长率低19%。
结论
BMI介导了收入对儿童EC的影响，并对学业准备、社交能力和行为调整有负面影响。肥胖和认知行为问题的双重影响凸显了早期识别和干预超重儿童的重要性，这可能对神经认知和社会情感有益。新发现：BMI介导了收入对学龄前儿童执行控制（EC）的影响，并对学业准备和行为调整有负面影响。EC和延迟能力并未预测BMI的变化。早期识别和干预超重儿童可能对神经认知和社会情感有益。
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