Benoit Joshua B
Division of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
Insects. 2011 Apr 29;2(2):151-72. doi: 10.3390/insects2020151.
Recent emergence of bed bugs (Cimex spp.) has prompted a significant expansion of research devoted to this pest. The ability to survive and recover from stress has significant implications on the distribution and survival of insects, and bed bugs are no exception. Research on bed bug stress tolerance has shown considerable progress and necessitates a review on this topic. Bed bugs have an extraordinary ability to resist dehydration between bloodmeals, and this represents a critical factor allowing their prolonged survival when no host is available. High relative humidities are detrimental to bed bugs, leading to reduced survival in comparison to those held at lower relative humidities. Continual exposure of bed bugs, eggs and mobile stages, to temperatures below freezing and short term exposure (=1 h) to temperatures below -16 to -18 °C results in mortality. The upper thermal limit for short term exposure of eggs, nymphs and adults is between 40-45 °C for the common (Cimex lectularius) and tropical (C. hemipterus) bed bugs. Long-term exposure to temperatures above 35 °C results in significant reduction in survival of mobile bed bugs. Eggs for C. lectularius and C. hemipterus are no longer viable when held below 10 °C or above 37 °C throughout embryogenesis. Blood feeding, although necessary for survival and reproduction, is discussed as a stress due to thermal and osmotic fluctuations that result from ingesting a warm bloodmeal from a vertebrate host. Cold, heat, water stress and blood feeding prompted the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsps). Pesticide application is a common human-induced stress for urban pests, and recent studies have documented pesticide resistance in many bed bug populations. High levels of traumatic insemination (mating) of bed bugs has been linked to reduced survival and fecundity along with possibly exposing individuals to microbial infections after cuticular penetration by the paramere (=male reproductive organ), thus represents a form of sexual stress. Additionally, less common stress types such as microbial infections that have been documented in bed bugs will be discussed. Overall, this review provides a current update of research related to bed bug stress tolerance and how their ability to resist stressful conditions has lead to their expansion and proliferation.
臭虫（臭虫属）近期的出现促使针对这种害虫的研究显著增加。从压力中存活和恢复的能力对昆虫的分布和生存有着重要影响，臭虫也不例外。关于臭虫耐受力的研究已取得相当大的进展，因此有必要对该主题进行综述。臭虫在两次吸血之间具有非凡的抗脱水能力，这是在没有宿主时它们能长期存活的关键因素。高相对湿度对臭虫有害，与处于较低相对湿度环境中的臭虫相比，其存活率会降低。臭虫、虫卵及各活动阶段持续暴露于冰点以下的温度，以及短期（=1小时）暴露于-16至-18°C以下的温度会导致死亡。普通臭虫（温带臭虫）和热带臭虫虫卵、若虫及成虫短期暴露的热上限在40 - 45°C之间。长期暴露于35°C以上的温度会导致活动期臭虫的存活率显著降低。温带臭虫和热带臭虫的虫卵在整个胚胎发育过程中处于10°C以下或37°C以上时不再具有活力。吸血虽然是生存和繁殖所必需的，但由于从脊椎动物宿主摄取温热血液会导致热和渗透压波动，因此也被视为一种压力。寒冷、高温、水分胁迫和吸血会促使热休克蛋白（Hsps）的表达。施用杀虫剂是城市害虫常见的人为诱导压力，最近的研究记录了许多臭虫种群对杀虫剂产生抗性。臭虫的高频率创伤性授精（交配）与存活率和繁殖力降低有关，并且在阳茎（=雄性生殖器官）穿透表皮后可能使个体接触微生物感染，因此这是一种性压力形式。此外，还将讨论臭虫中已记录的不太常见的压力类型，如微生物感染。总体而言，本综述提供了与臭虫耐受力相关研究的最新情况，以及它们抵抗压力条件的能力如何导致其扩散和繁殖。
