Moskowitz J M
Prevention Research Center, California 94704.
J Stud Alcohol. 1989 Jan;50(1):54-88. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1989.50.54.
The research evaluating the effects of programs and policies in reducing the incidence of alcohol problems is critically reviewed. Four types of preventive interventions are examined including: (1) policies affecting the physical, economic and social availability of alcohol (e.g., minimum legal drinking age, price and advertising of alcohol), (2) formal social controls on alcohol-related behavior (e.g., drinking-driving laws), (3) primary prevention programs (e.g., school-based alcohol education), and (4) environmental safety measures (e.g., automobile airbags). The research generally supports the efficacy of three alcohol-specific policies: raising the minimum legal drinking age to 21, increasing alcohol taxes and increasing the enforcement of drinking-driving laws. Also, research suggests that various environmental safety measures reduce the incidence of alcohol-related trauma. In contrast, little evidence currently exists to support the efficacy of primary prevention programs. However, a systems perspective of prevention suggests that prevention programs may become more efficacious after widespread adoption of prevention policies that lead to shifts in social norms regarding use of beverage alcohol.
对评估各项计划和政策在降低酒精问题发生率方面效果的研究进行了批判性综述。研究了四种类型的预防性干预措施，包括：（1）影响酒精实际、经济和社会可得性的政策（例如，法定最低饮酒年龄、酒精价格和广告），（2）对与酒精相关行为的正式社会控制（例如，酒驾法律），（3）一级预防计划（例如，以学校为基础的酒精教育），以及（4）环境安全措施（例如，汽车安全气囊）。该研究总体上支持三项特定于酒精的政策的有效性：将法定最低饮酒年龄提高到21岁、提高酒精税以及加强酒驾法律的执行力度。此外，研究表明各种环境安全措施可降低与酒精相关创伤的发生率。相比之下，目前几乎没有证据支持一级预防计划的有效性。然而，一种预防的系统观点表明，在广泛采用导致关于饮用酒精饮料的社会规范发生转变的预防政策之后，预防计划可能会变得更有效。
