Lowenstine L J, McManamon R, Terio K A
Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project-Gorilla Doctors, Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
Zoo and Exotic Animal Pathology Service, Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
Vet Pathol. 2016 Mar;53(2):250-76. doi: 10.1177/0300985815612154. Epub 2015 Dec 31.
The great apes (chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans) are our closest relatives. Despite the many similarities, there are significant differences in aging among apes, including the human ape. Common to all are dental attrition, periodontitis, tooth loss, osteopenia, and arthritis, although gout is uniquely human and spondyloarthropathy is more prevalent in apes than humans. Humans are more prone to frailty, sarcopenia, osteoporosis, longevity past reproductive senescence, loss of brain volume, and Alzheimer dementia. Cerebral vascular disease occurs in both humans and apes. Cardiovascular disease mortality increases in aging humans and apes, but coronary atherosclerosis is the most significant type in humans. In captive apes, idiopathic myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyopathy predominate, with arteriosclerosis of intramural coronary arteries. Similar cardiac lesions are occasionally seen in wild apes. Vascular changes in heart and kidneys and aortic dissections in gorillas and bonobos suggest that hypertension may be involved in pathogenesis. Chronic kidney disease is common in elderly humans and some aging apes and is linked with cardiovascular disease in orangutans. Neoplasms common to aging humans and apes include uterine leiomyomas in chimpanzees, but other tumors of elderly humans, such as breast, prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers, are uncommon in apes. Among the apes, chimpanzees have been best studied in laboratory settings, and more comparative research is needed into the pathology of geriatric zoo-housed and wild apes. Increasing longevity of humans and apes makes understanding aging processes and diseases imperative for optimizing quality of life in all the ape species.
大猩猩（黑猩猩、倭黑猩猩、大猩猩和猩猩）是我们最亲近的亲属。尽管存在许多相似之处，但猿类，包括人类猿，在衰老过程中存在显著差异。所有猿类都存在牙齿磨损、牙周炎、牙齿脱落、骨质减少和关节炎等问题，不过痛风是人类独有的，而脊柱关节病在猿类中比在人类中更普遍。人类更容易出现身体虚弱、肌肉减少症、骨质疏松症、生殖衰老后的长寿、脑容量减少和阿尔茨海默病性痴呆。人类和猿类都会发生脑血管疾病。人类和猿类衰老时心血管疾病死亡率都会增加，但冠状动脉粥样硬化在人类中是最主要的类型。在圈养的猿类中，特发性心肌纤维化和心肌病占主导，伴有壁内冠状动脉的动脉硬化。野生猿类偶尔也会出现类似的心脏病变。大猩猩和倭黑猩猩心脏和肾脏的血管变化以及主动脉夹层表明高血压可能参与了发病机制。慢性肾脏病在老年人类和一些衰老的猿类中很常见，并且在猩猩中与心血管疾病有关。衰老的人类和猿类共有的肿瘤包括黑猩猩的子宫平滑肌瘤，但老年人类的其他肿瘤，如乳腺癌、前列腺癌、肺癌和结直肠癌，在猿类中并不常见。在猿类中，黑猩猩在实验室环境中得到了最好的研究，需要对圈养在动物园的老年猿类和野生猿类的病理学进行更多的比较研究。人类和猿类寿命的延长使得了解衰老过程和疾病对于优化所有猿类物种的生活质量至关重要。
