London Justin, Burger Birgitta, Thompson Marc, Toiviainen Petri
Carleton College, USA.
University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
Acta Psychol (Amst). 2016 Feb;164:70-80. doi: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2015.12.005. Epub 2015 Dec 30.
Musical tempo is most strongly associated with the rate of the beat or "tactus," which may be defined as the most prominent rhythmic periodicity present in the music, typically in a range of 1.67-2 Hz. However, other factors such as rhythmic density, mean rhythmic inter-onset interval, metrical (accentual) structure, and rhythmic complexity can affect perceived tempo (Drake, Gros, & Penel, 1999; London, 2011 Drake, Gros, & Penel, 1999; London, 2011). Visual information can also give rise to a perceived beat/tempo (Iversen, et al., 2015), and auditory and visual temporal cues can interact and mutually influence each other (Soto-Faraco & Kingstone, 2004; Spence, 2015). A five-part experiment was performed to assess the integration of auditory and visual information in judgments of musical tempo. Participants rated the speed of six classic R&B songs on a seven point scale while observing an animated figure dancing to them. Participants were presented with original and time-stretched (±5%) versions of each song in audio-only, audio+video (A+V), and video-only conditions. In some videos the animations were of spontaneous movements to the different time-stretched versions of each song, and in other videos the animations were of "vigorous" versus "relaxed" interpretations of the same auditory stimulus. Two main results were observed. First, in all conditions with audio, even though participants were able to correctly rank the original vs. time-stretched versions of each song, a song-specific tempo-anchoring effect was observed, such that sped-up versions of slower songs were judged to be faster than slowed-down versions of faster songs, even when their objective beat rates were the same. Second, when viewing a vigorous dancing figure in the A+V condition, participants gave faster tempo ratings than from the audio alone or when viewing the same audio with a relaxed dancing figure. The implications of this illusory tempo percept for cross-modal sensory integration and working memory are discussed, and an "energistic" account of tempo perception is proposed.
音乐节拍速度与节拍或“拍节”的速率联系最为紧密，拍节可定义为音乐中最突出的节奏周期性，通常在1.67 - 2赫兹范围内。然而，其他因素，如有节奏密度、平均节奏发作间隔、韵律（重音）结构和节奏复杂性，也会影响对节拍速度的感知（德雷克、格罗斯和佩内尔，1999年；伦敦，2011年 德雷克、格罗斯和佩内尔，1999年；伦敦，2011年）。视觉信息也能引发对节拍/节拍速度的感知（艾弗森等人，2015年），并且听觉和视觉时间线索可以相互作用、相互影响（索托 - 法拉科和金斯通，2004年；斯彭斯，2015年）。进行了一项分为五个部分的实验，以评估在音乐节拍速度判断中听觉和视觉信息的整合情况。参与者在观看一个动画人物随着六首经典节奏蓝调歌曲跳舞时，用七点量表对歌曲的速度进行评分。参与者在仅音频、音频 + 视频（A + V）和仅视频条件下，分别听每首歌曲的原始版本和时间拉伸（±5%）版本。在一些视频中，动画是对每首歌曲不同时间拉伸版本的自发动作，而在其他视频中，动画是对相同听觉刺激的“活力”与“放松”诠释。观察到两个主要结果。首先，在所有有音频的条件下，尽管参与者能够正确对每首歌曲的原始版本和时间拉伸版本进行排序，但观察到了特定于歌曲的节拍速度锚定效应，即较慢歌曲的加速版本被判断为比快歌曲的减速版本更快，即使它们的客观节拍率相同。其次，当在A + V条件下观看一个活力四射的跳舞人物时，参与者给出的节拍速度评分比仅听音频时或观看同一个音频搭配一个放松的跳舞人物时要高。讨论了这种虚幻节拍速度感知对跨模态感官整合和工作记忆的影响，并提出了一种关于节拍速度感知的“活力论”解释。
