养成了边看电视边吃东西的习惯？低收入照顾者对学龄前儿童吃零食和看电视行为的看法。
Conditioned to eat while watching television? Low-income caregivers' perspectives on the role of snacking and television viewing among pre-schoolers.
作者信息
Blaine Rachel E, Fisher Jennifer Orlet, Blake Christine E, Orloski Alexandria, Younginer Nicholas, Bruton Yasmeen, Ganter Claudia, Rimm Eric B, Geller Alan C, Davison Kirsten K
机构信息
1Department of Family and Consumer Sciences,California State University,Long Beach,1250 Bellflower Blvd,FCS FA-15,Long Beach,CA 90840-0501,USA.
3Department of Public Health,Center for Obesity Research and Education,Temple University College of Public Health,Philadelphia, PA,USA.
出版信息
Public Health Nutr. 2016 Jun;19(9):1598-605. doi: 10.1017/S136898001500364X. Epub 2016 Jan 22.
OBJECTIVE
Although television (TV) viewing is frequently paired with snacking among young children, little is known about the environment in which caregivers promote this behaviour. We describe low-income pre-schoolers' snacking and TV viewing habits as reported by their primary caregivers, including social/physical snacking contexts, types of snacks and caregiver rationales for offering snacks. These findings may support the development of effective messages to promote healthy child snacking.
DESIGN
Semi-structured interviews assessed caregiver conceptualizations of pre-schoolers' snacks, purpose of snacks, snack context and snack frequency.
SETTING
Interviews occurred in Boston, Massachusetts and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
SUBJECTS
Forty-seven low-income multi-ethnic primary caregivers of children aged 3-5 years (92 % female, 32 % Hispanic/Latino, 34 % African American) described their child's snacking in the context of TV viewing.
RESULTS
TV viewing and child snacking themes were described consistently across racial/ethnic groups. Caregivers described snacks offered during TV viewing as largely unhealthy. Labels for TV snacks indicated non-nutritive purposes, such as 'time out', 'enjoyment' or 'quiet.' Caregivers' primary reasons for providing snacks included child's expectations, behaviour management (e.g. to occupy child) and social time (e.g. family bonding). Some caregivers used TV to distract picky children to eat more food. Child snacking and TV viewing were contextually paired by providing child-sized furniture ('TV table') specifically for snacking.
CONCLUSIONS
Low-income caregivers facilitate pre-schoolers' snacking and TV viewing, which are described as routine, positive and useful for non-nutritive purposes. Messages to caregivers should encourage 'snack-free' TV viewing, healthy snack options and guidance for managing children's behaviour without snacks or TV.
目的
尽管幼儿看电视时经常会吃零食，但对于照顾者促使这种行为发生的环境却知之甚少。我们描述了低收入家庭学龄前儿童的零食和看电视习惯，这些信息由他们的主要照顾者提供，包括社交/身体层面的吃零食情境、零食类型以及照顾者提供零食的理由。这些研究结果可能有助于制定有效的信息，以促进儿童健康吃零食。
设计
半结构化访谈评估了照顾者对学龄前儿童零食的概念理解、吃零食的目的、吃零食的情境以及吃零食的频率。
地点
访谈在美国马萨诸塞州波士顿市和宾夕法尼亚州费城进行。
研究对象
47名低收入、多民族的3至5岁儿童的主要照顾者（92%为女性，32%为西班牙裔/拉丁裔，34%为非裔美国人）描述了他们孩子在看电视时吃零食的情况。
结果
不同种族/民族群体对看电视和儿童吃零食主题的描述一致。照顾者表示，看电视时提供的零食大多不健康。电视零食的标签表明其具有非营养目的，如“休息”“享受”或“安静”。照顾者提供零食的主要原因包括孩子的期望、行为管理（如让孩子有事可做）和社交时间（如家庭团聚）。一些照顾者利用电视分散挑食孩子的注意力，让他们多吃点东西。通过提供专门用于吃零食的儿童尺寸家具（“电视桌”），将儿童吃零食和看电视在情境上联系起来。
结论
低收入家庭的照顾者促使学龄前儿童吃零食和看电视，这被描述为日常行为，对非营养目的来说是积极且有用的。向照顾者传达的信息应鼓励在看电视时“不吃零食”，提供健康的零食选择，并指导如何在不借助零食或电视的情况下管理孩子的行为。
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