Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
Child Obes. 2013 Apr;9(2):104-15. doi: 10.1089/chi.2012.0108. Epub 2013 Mar 7.
Given the growing contribution of snacks to dietary intake and the need for effective strategies to reduce obesity, it is important to consider whether snacking behaviors contribute to high BMI in childhood. This review summarizes US research that has addressed trends in snacking behavior and its contribution to dietary intake, as well as research describing snack food availability in settings where youth spend their time. In addition, it comprehensively reviews studies conducted in the United States and internationally that have examined associations of snacking behavior with weight. Research published between January, 2000, and December, 2011, was identified by searching PubMed and MEDLINE databases, and by examining bibliographies of relevant studies. Recent analyses of trends in dietary intake have shown there were significant increases in the contribution of energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods to snacking kilocalories over the past few decades. Although snacks can contribute to intake of key nutrients, frequent snacking has been associated with higher intake of total energy and energy from added and total sugars. Assessments in schools and retail stores have further indicated that energy-dense, nutrient-poor snacks are widely available in settings where youth spend their time. The majority of studies either found no evidence of a relationship between snacking behavior and weight status or found evidence indicating that young people who consumed more snacks were less likely to be obese; however, additional research is needed to address various methodological limitations. Recommendations for future research are provided to address knowledge gaps and inform the development of interventions.
鉴于零食在饮食摄入中的贡献不断增加，并且需要采取有效的策略来减少肥胖，因此有必要考虑零食行为是否会导致儿童的 BMI 升高。这篇综述总结了美国在零食行为趋势及其对饮食摄入的贡献方面的研究，以及描述青少年活动场所中零食供应情况的研究。此外，还全面综述了在美国和国际上进行的、考察了零食行为与体重之间关联的研究。在 2000 年 1 月至 2011 年 12 月期间，通过搜索 PubMed 和 MEDLINE 数据库以及查阅相关研究的参考文献，确定了已发表的研究。最近对饮食摄入趋势的分析表明，在过去几十年中，能量密集、营养贫乏的食物在零食摄入的能量中所占比例显著增加。虽然零食可以促进关键营养素的摄入，但频繁吃零食与总能量以及添加糖和总糖的能量摄入较高有关。在学校和零售店的评估进一步表明，在青少年活动的场所中，能量密集、营养贫乏的零食广泛供应。大多数研究要么没有发现零食行为与体重状况之间存在关系的证据，要么发现了表明食用更多零食的年轻人不太可能肥胖的证据；然而，需要进一步的研究来解决各种方法学上的局限性。为解决知识空白并为干预措施的制定提供信息，提出了对未来研究的建议。
