Hoffmann Hans Jürgen
Department of Respiratory Diseases and Allergy, Institute for Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University and Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2015;168(4):253-62. doi: 10.1159/000443960. Epub 2016 Feb 20.
Mast cell activation releases the mediators associated with type I allergy. As such, the study of mast cell activation is critical for understanding the allergic reaction, and for developing methods to control it. Importantly, another ligand receptor pair (compound 48/80 and MRGPRX2) that activates mast cells in addition to allergen-IgE-FcεRI has been identified. As mast cells mature in tissue from hematopoietic stem cells, their physiology and pathophysiology is difficult to study. Mast cell lines and mast cells cultured from stem cells are often studied instead of tissue mast cells. There has been some progress in the description of the mechanism of the activation of mast cells, substances limiting mast cell activation and in the catalogue of proteases that mast cells express. Basophil granulocytes express FcεRI, bind IgE and respond to allergen crosslinking in a very similar fashion to mast cells. In the recent literature, basophils were mistakenly described as antigen-presenting cells; this has convincingly been disputed in a number of subsequent publications. Their function in physiology and pathophysiology is not known, but they are frequently used to document allergic sensitisation in the basophil activation test. Significant progress has been made in documenting the relevance of basophil activation as a second-line test in allergy diagnosis. Basophil reactivity and sensitivity may reflect symptom severity and allergen threshold, and are used to document and monitor allergy. The physiology and pathophysiology of allergic effector cells remain an important area of research.
肥大细胞活化会释放与I型过敏相关的介质。因此，对肥大细胞活化的研究对于理解过敏反应以及开发控制过敏反应的方法至关重要。重要的是，除了过敏原-IgE-FcεRI之外，还发现了另一对激活肥大细胞的配体受体对（化合物48/80和MRGPRX2）。由于肥大细胞在组织中由造血干细胞成熟，其生理学和病理生理学很难研究。因此，人们经常研究肥大细胞系和从干细胞培养的肥大细胞，而不是组织肥大细胞。在肥大细胞活化机制、限制肥大细胞活化的物质以及肥大细胞表达的蛋白酶目录的描述方面已经取得了一些进展。嗜碱性粒细胞表达FcεRI，结合IgE，并以与肥大细胞非常相似的方式对过敏原交联作出反应。在最近的文献中，嗜碱性粒细胞被错误地描述为抗原呈递细胞；在随后的一些出版物中，这一观点受到了令人信服的质疑。它们在生理学和病理生理学中的功能尚不清楚，但它们经常被用于嗜碱性粒细胞活化试验中记录过敏致敏情况。在记录嗜碱性粒细胞活化作为过敏诊断二线试验的相关性方面已经取得了重大进展。嗜碱性粒细胞反应性和敏感性可能反映症状严重程度和过敏原阈值，并用于记录和监测过敏情况。过敏效应细胞的生理学和病理生理学仍然是一个重要的研究领域。
