Friedrich Bretislav, Hoffmann Dieter
Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
Z Anorg Allg Chem. 2016 Mar;642(6):437-448. doi: 10.1002/zaac.201600035. Epub 2016 Mar 11.
We examine the life, work, and legacy of Clara Haber, nee Immerwahr, who became the first woman to earn a doctorate from the University of Breslau, in 1900. In 1901 she married the chemist Fritz Haber. With no employment available for female scientists, Clara freelanced as an instructor in the continued education of women, mainly housewives, while struggling not to become a housewife herself. Her duties as a designated head of a posh household hardly brought fulfillment to her life. The outbreak of WWI further exacerbated the situation, as Fritz Haber applied himself in extraordinary ways to aid the German war effort. The night that he celebrated the "success" of the first chlorine cloud attack, Clara committed suicide. We found little evidence to support claims that Clara was an outspoken pacifist who took her life because of her disapproval of Fritz Haber's involvement in chemical warfare. We conclude by examining "the myth of Clara Immerwahr" that took root in the 1990s from the perspective offered by the available scholarly sources, including some untapped ones.
我们审视了克拉拉·哈伯（原姓伊默瓦尔）的人生、工作及身后影响。1900年，她成为布雷斯劳大学首位获得博士学位的女性。1901年，她嫁给了化学家弗里茨·哈伯。由于当时女性科学家没有工作机会，克拉拉以自由职业者的身份，在女性继续教育领域担任讲师，授课对象主要是家庭主妇，而她自己也努力避免成为一名家庭主妇。她作为一个奢华家庭的指定女主人，这份职责并未给她的生活带来满足感。第一次世界大战的爆发使情况进一步恶化，因为弗里茨·哈伯以非凡的方式投身于协助德国的战争努力中。在他庆祝首次氯气云攻击“成功”的那个夜晚，克拉拉自杀了。我们几乎找不到证据来支持这样的说法，即克拉拉是一位直言不讳的和平主义者，因不赞成弗里茨·哈伯参与化学战而自杀。我们通过从现有学术资料（包括一些未被挖掘的资料）提供的视角审视20世纪90年代开始流传的“克拉拉·伊默瓦尔神话”来得出结论。
