Wan Bingjun, Shan Gongbing
School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China ; Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4 Canada.
School of Physical Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China ; Department of Kinesiology, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4 Canada ; Department of Physical Education, Xinzhou Teachers' University, Xinzhou, Shanxi China.
Springerplus. 2016 Apr 12;5:441. doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-2067-y. eCollection 2016.
Previous studies have shown that muscle repetitive stress injuries (RSIs) are often related to sport trainings among young participants. As such, understanding the mechanism of RSIs is essential for injury prevention. One potential means would be to identify muscles in risk by applying biomechanical modeling. By capturing 3D movements of four typical youth sports and building the biomechanical models, the current study has identified several risk factors related to the development of RSIs. The causal factors for RSIs are the muscle over-lengthening, the impact-like (speedy increase) eccentric tension in muscles, imbalance between agonists and antagonists, muscle loading frequency and muscle strength. In general, a large range of motion of joints would lead to over-lengthening of certain small muscles; Limb's acceleration during power generation could cause imbalance between agonists and antagonists; a quick deceleration of limbs during follow-throughs would induce an impact-like eccentric tension to muscles; and even at low speed, frequent muscle over-lengthening would cause a micro-trauma accumulation which could result in RSIs in long term. Based on the results, the following measures can be applied to reduce the risk of RSIs during learning/training in youth participants: (1) stretching training of muscles at risk in order to increase lengthening ability; (2) dynamic warming-up for minimizing possible imbalance between agonists and antagonists; (3) limiting practice times of the frequency and duration of movements requiring strength and/or large range of motion to reducing micro-trauma accumulation; and (4) allowing enough repair time for recovery from micro-traumas induced by training (individual training time). Collectively, the results show that biomechanical modeling is a practical tool for predicting injury risk and provides an effective way to establish an optimization strategy to counteract the factors leading to muscle repetitive stress injuries during motor skill learning and training.
先前的研究表明，肌肉重复性应力损伤（RSIs）在年轻参与者中通常与体育训练有关。因此，了解RSIs的机制对于预防损伤至关重要。一种潜在的方法是通过应用生物力学建模来识别有风险的肌肉。通过捕捉四项典型青少年运动的三维运动并建立生物力学模型，本研究确定了几个与RSIs发展相关的风险因素。RSIs的因果因素包括肌肉过度拉长、肌肉中类似冲击（快速增加）的离心张力、主动肌与拮抗肌之间的不平衡、肌肉负荷频率和肌肉力量。一般来说，关节的大幅度运动会导致某些小肌肉过度拉长；发力过程中肢体的加速度会导致主动肌与拮抗肌之间的不平衡；动作结束时肢体的快速减速会给肌肉带来类似冲击的离心张力；即使在低速情况下，频繁的肌肉过度拉长也会导致微创伤积累，长期来看可能导致RSIs。基于这些结果，可采取以下措施来降低青少年参与者在学习/训练期间发生RSIs的风险：（1）对有风险的肌肉进行拉伸训练，以提高拉长能力；（2）进行动态热身，以尽量减少主动肌与拮抗肌之间可能出现的不平衡；（3）限制需要力量和/或大幅度运动的动作的频率和持续时间的练习次数，以减少微创伤积累；（4）留出足够的恢复时间，以便从训练引起的微创伤中恢复（个人训练时间）。总体而言，结果表明生物力学建模是预测损伤风险的实用工具，并为制定优化策略提供了有效途径，以对抗运动技能学习和训练期间导致肌肉重复性应力损伤的因素。
