Davies Kelvin J A
Leonard Davis School of Gerontology of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA; Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, & Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
Mol Aspects Med. 2016 Jun;49:1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.04.007. Epub 2016 Apr 22.
Homeostasis is a central pillar of modern Physiology. The term homeostasis was invented by Walter Bradford Cannon in an attempt to extend and codify the principle of 'milieu intérieur,' or a constant interior bodily environment, that had previously been postulated by Claude Bernard. Clearly, 'milieu intérieur' and homeostasis have served us well for over a century. Nevertheless, research on signal transduction systems that regulate gene expression, or that cause biochemical alterations to existing enzymes, in response to external and internal stimuli, makes it clear that biological systems are continuously making short-term adaptations both to set-points, and to the range of 'normal' capacity. These transient adaptations typically occur in response to relatively mild changes in conditions, to programs of exercise training, or to sub-toxic, non-damaging levels of chemical agents; thus, the terms hormesis, heterostasis, and allostasis are not accurate descriptors. Therefore, an operational adjustment to our understanding of homeostasis suggests that the modified term, Adaptive Homeostasis, may be useful especially in studies of stress, toxicology, disease, and aging. Adaptive Homeostasis may be defined as follows: 'The transient expansion or contraction of the homeostatic range in response to exposure to sub-toxic, non-damaging, signaling molecules or events, or the removal or cessation of such molecules or events.'
内环境稳态是现代生理学的核心支柱。“内环境稳态”这一术语由沃尔特·布拉德福德·坎农创造，旨在扩展和编纂“内环境”原则，即克洛德·贝尔纳先前提出的恒定的体内环境。显然，“内环境”和内环境稳态在一个多世纪以来一直很好地为我们所用。然而，对调节基因表达或导致现有酶发生生化改变以响应外部和内部刺激的信号转导系统的研究表明，生物系统一直在对设定点和“正常”能力范围进行短期适应。这些短暂适应通常是对条件的相对轻微变化、运动训练计划或亚毒性、无损伤水平的化学物质作出的反应；因此，兴奋效应、异稳态和应变稳态这些术语并不是准确的描述词。所以，对我们对内环境稳态的理解进行操作性调整表明，修改后的术语“适应性稳态”可能会很有用，尤其是在应激、毒理学、疾病和衰老研究中。适应性稳态可定义如下：“响应暴露于亚毒性、无损伤的信号分子或事件，或此类分子或事件的去除或停止，内稳态范围的短暂扩大或收缩。”
