Xi Pan, Liu Rui Hai
Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Institute of Comparative and Environmental Toxicology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2016 Aug;60(8):1819-36. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201500963. Epub 2016 Jun 14.
Diet is intimately associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, attention has focused on the contributions of individual nutrients, food groups and eating patterns to the outcome of T2D. High consumption of coffee, whole grains, fruits and vegetables, and nuts are each independently associated with the reduced risk of T2D in high risk, glucose intolerant individuals. Experimental and clinical trials have given insight to the diverse mechanisms that may be responsible for the observed protective effects of certain foods on T2D, including nutrients, phytochemicals and dietary fiber, weight control, enhanced satiety and improvement in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in diabetic patients. Elevated consumption of refined grains and sugar-sweetened beverages has shown to significantly elevate the risk of incident T2D. An overall healthy diet primarily comprising whole plant-based foods, together with regular physical activity and weight manage, could significantly reduce the risk of T2D. The present review consolidates current research and delineates major food groups shown to significantly influence risk of T2D. Documenting and quantifying the effects of diet on the outcome of T2D are of great scientific and public health importance as there is urgent need to implement dietary strategies to prevent and manage the outcome of T2D.
饮食与2型糖尿病（T2D）风险密切相关。最近，人们的注意力集中在个体营养素、食物类别和饮食模式对T2D结局的影响上。在高危、葡萄糖不耐受个体中，大量饮用咖啡、食用全谷物、水果、蔬菜和坚果均各自独立与T2D风险降低相关。实验和临床试验揭示了某些食物对T2D具有观察到的保护作用的多种潜在机制，包括营养素、植物化学物质和膳食纤维、体重控制、饱腹感增强以及糖尿病患者葡萄糖耐量和胰岛素敏感性的改善。精制谷物和含糖饮料的摄入量增加已显示会显著增加T2D发病风险。主要由全植物性食物组成的总体健康饮食，再加上规律的体育活动和体重管理，可显著降低T2D风险。本综述汇总了当前研究，并阐述了已证明对T2D风险有显著影响的主要食物类别。记录和量化饮食对T2D结局的影响具有重大的科学和公共卫生意义，因为迫切需要实施饮食策略来预防和管理T2D结局。
