Lalia Antigoni Z, Lanza Ian R
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
Nutrients. 2016 Jun 1;8(6):329. doi: 10.3390/nu8060329.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) of marine origin, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been long studied for their therapeutic potential in the context of type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, and glucose homeostasis. Glaring discordance between observations in animal and human studies precludes, to date, any practical application of n-3 PUFA as nutritional therapeutics against insulin resistance in humans. Our objective in this review is to summarize current knowledge and provide an up-to-date commentary on the therapeutic value of EPA and DHA supplementation for improving insulin sensitivity in humans. We also sought to discuss potential mechanisms of n-3 PUFA action in target tissues, in specific skeletal muscle, based on our recent work, as well as in liver and adipose tissue. We conducted a literature search to include all preclinical and clinical studies performed within the last two years and to comment on representative studies published earlier. Recent studies support a growing consensus that there are beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA on insulin sensitivity in rodents. Observational studies in humans are encouraging, however, the vast majority of human intervention studies fail to demonstrate the benefit of n-3 PUFA in type 2 diabetes or insulin-resistant non-diabetic people. Nevertheless, there are still several unanswered questions regarding the potential impact of n-3 PUFA on metabolic function in humans.
海洋来源的ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3 PUFA）、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（DHA），长期以来一直因其在2型糖尿病、胰岛素抵抗和葡萄糖稳态方面的治疗潜力而受到研究。迄今为止，动物研究和人体研究结果之间存在明显差异，这使得n-3 PUFA无法作为针对人类胰岛素抵抗的营养疗法得到实际应用。本综述的目的是总结当前的知识，并对补充EPA和DHA以改善人类胰岛素敏感性的治疗价值提供最新评论。我们还试图根据我们最近的研究工作，讨论n-3 PUFA在靶组织（特别是骨骼肌）以及肝脏和脂肪组织中的潜在作用机制。我们进行了文献检索，纳入了过去两年内进行的所有临床前和临床研究，并对早期发表的代表性研究进行评论。最近的研究支持了一种越来越多的共识，即n-3 PUFA对啮齿动物的胰岛素敏感性有有益影响。人体观察性研究令人鼓舞，然而，绝大多数人体干预研究未能证明n-3 PUFA对2型糖尿病患者或胰岛素抵抗的非糖尿病患者有益。尽管如此，关于n-3 PUFA对人类代谢功能的潜在影响仍有几个未解决的问题。
