Arinder Pernilla, Johannesson Pär, Karlsson Ingela, Borch Elisabeth
Food and Bioscience, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Lund, Sweden.
Mechanics Research, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden.
PLoS One. 2016 Jun 9;11(6):e0156390. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156390. eCollection 2016.
Hand hygiene, cleaning and disinfection are pre-requirements for hygiene management in hospital settings and the food industry. In order to facilitate risk management, different contamination scenarios and interventions need to be evaluated. In the present study data on transfer rates and reductions of Staphylococcus aureus were provided in an experimental set-up using artificial skin. Using this methodology, test persons were not exposed with pathogenic bacteria. An exposure assessment model was developed and applied to evaluate different contamination routes and hygiene interventions. The transfer rates of S. aureus from inoculated VITRO-SKIN® to fomites were calculated from blotting series. The VITRO-SKIN® was more prone to spread bacteria than fomites. When different surfaces were cleaned, the reduction of S. aureus varied between <1 and 7 log CFU. It could not be concluded that a certain coupon material, cleaning agent, cleaning wipe, soiling or humidity consistently resulted in a high or low reduction of S. aureus. The reduction of S. aureus and E. coli during hand washing was evaluated on artificial skin, VITRO-SKIN®. The reduction of E. coli on VITRO-SKIN® was similar to the log reduction obtained when washing human hands. The S. aureus count on a human hand was both calculated in different scenarios describing different contamination routes starting from a contaminated hand using the exposure assessment model, and measured on an experimental setup using VITRO-SKIN® for validation. A linear relationship was obtained between the analysed level of S. aureus and the calculated level. However, the calculated levels of S. aureus on the VITRO-SKIN® in the scenarios were 1-1.5 log lower than the analysed level. One of the scenarios was used to study the effect of interventions like hand washing and cleaning of surfaces.
手卫生、清洁和消毒是医院环境和食品行业卫生管理的先决条件。为便于风险管理，需要评估不同的污染情况和干预措施。在本研究中，使用人工皮肤的实验装置提供了金黄色葡萄球菌转移率和减少率的数据。采用这种方法，测试人员未接触致病细菌。开发并应用了暴露评估模型来评估不同的污染途径和卫生干预措施。通过印迹系列计算金黄色葡萄球菌从接种的VITRO-SKIN®转移到污染物表面的转移率。VITRO-SKIN®比污染物表面更容易传播细菌。当清洁不同表面时，金黄色葡萄球菌的减少量在<1至7 log CFU之间变化。无法得出某种优惠券材料、清洁剂、清洁巾、污垢或湿度会一致导致金黄色葡萄球菌高减少率或低减少率的结论。在人工皮肤VITRO-SKIN®上评估了洗手过程中金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的减少情况。VITRO-SKIN®上大肠杆菌的减少情况与洗手时获得的对数减少情况相似。使用暴露评估模型在描述从污染手开始的不同污染途径的不同场景中计算人手的金黄色葡萄球菌数量，并在使用VITRO-SKIN®的实验装置上进行测量以进行验证。在分析的金黄色葡萄球菌水平与计算水平之间获得了线性关系。然而，在这些场景中，VITRO-SKIN®上计算的金黄色葡萄球菌水平比分析水平低1-1.5 log。其中一个场景用于研究洗手和表面清洁等干预措施的效果。
