Damianidi L, Gruszfeld D, Verduci E, Vecchi F, Xhonneux A, Langhendries J-P, Luque V, Theurich M A, Zaragoza-Jordana M, Koletzko B, Grote V
Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, München, Germany.
Children's Memorial Health Institute, Warsaw, Poland.
Eur J Clin Nutr. 2016 Nov;70(11):1291-1297. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.108. Epub 2016 Jun 22.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: High protein intake in infancy affects future obesity risk and other health outcomes. We aim to describe total protein intake and its sources in a birth cohort in five European countries over the first 2 years of life.
SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 746 formula-fed infants were included. Three-day weighed dietary records at 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months of age were used. Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Friedman's tests were used to assess possible differences in nutritional intake among countries and over time.
Dairy products were the main components of the infants' diets. Cow's milk was rarely introduced before 12 months of age, whereas infants' formula was the main contributor of protein intake. Food choices and protein intake differed among countries (P<0.001). Protein intake often exceeded European recommendations from 9 months onwards, partly because of the substitution of dairy protein (mainly infant formula) by meat protein. Two nutritional patterns were identified that were characterised by differences in energy, fat, protein and animal protein intake. Finally, food consumption was not always in line with protein intakes, and thus infants from some countries showed high consumption of specific food groups but relatively low protein intakes.
During weaning, over-limited substitution of dairy products with other sources (especially meat) resulted in relatively high protein intakes in formula-fed infants. Differences in preferences of specific protein sources from complementary foods existed among European countries. Great opportunities in improving early nutrition were revealed, although cultural and geographical differences should always be considered.
背景/目的：婴儿期高蛋白摄入会影响未来肥胖风险及其他健康结局。我们旨在描述五个欧洲国家出生队列中婴儿出生后头两年的总蛋白摄入量及其来源。
对象/方法：共纳入746名人工喂养的婴儿。采用6、7、8、9、12、18和24月龄时连续三天的称重饮食记录。使用Kruskal-Wallis检验、方差分析和Friedman检验评估各国之间以及不同时间点营养摄入量的可能差异。
乳制品是婴儿饮食的主要组成部分。12月龄前很少引入牛奶，而婴儿配方奶粉是蛋白质摄入的主要来源。各国的食物选择和蛋白质摄入量存在差异（P<0.001）。从9个月起，蛋白质摄入量常常超过欧洲的建议量，部分原因是肉类蛋白质替代了乳制品蛋白质（主要是婴儿配方奶粉）。确定了两种营养模式，其特征在于能量、脂肪、蛋白质和动物蛋白摄入量的差异。最后，食物摄入量并不总是与蛋白质摄入量相符，因此一些国家的婴儿某些特定食物组的摄入量较高，但蛋白质摄入量相对较低。
在断奶期间，过度限制用其他来源（尤其是肉类）替代乳制品导致人工喂养婴儿的蛋白质摄入量相对较高。欧洲国家之间在辅食中特定蛋白质来源的偏好方面存在差异。尽管应始终考虑文化和地域差异，但仍揭示了改善早期营养的巨大机会。
