Sattlecker Gerold, Buchecker Michael, Gressenbauer Christoph, Müller Erich, Lindinger Stefan J
Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2017 Mar;12(3):377-384. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0195. Epub 2016 Aug 24.
To identify biomechanical predictors that distinguish between high- and low-score athletes in biathlon shooting and to determine the relationships among these variables in field testing.
Twenty-two biathletes (8 female, 14 male) from the World Cup, the European Cup, and a federal youth squad each fired 3 clips of 5 shots in prone and standing shooting positions without physical load, followed by 2 respective series in both disciplines during a simulated 12.5-km pursuit race on roller skis. Biomechanical variables describing triggering, rifle force in the back shoulder, and body and rifle sway were calculated over the last 0.5 second before firing. For computed linear discriminant analyses, subjects were divided into high- and low-level performers based on mean scores for each condition separately. In addition, correlations among all biomechanical factors were calculated.
Regarding prone shooting, shoulder force in the rest condition and vertical rifle sway in the race simulation were shown to be main discriminators. Several body- and rifle-sway variables were found to be predictors in standing rest shooting. Body sway across the shooting line discriminated the groups in the standing race situation tendentially. Thus, the main performance predictors changed due to fatigue. Correlations between triggering and rifle sway, shoulder force and rifle sway, and body sway and rifle sway were discovered.
Referring to the current results, athletes are recommended to focus on vertical rifle sway in prone position and on body sway across the shooting line during standing shooting when fatigued.
识别在冬季两项射击中区分高分和低分运动员的生物力学预测指标，并确定这些变量在现场测试中的相互关系。
来自世界杯、欧洲杯和一个联邦青年队的22名冬季两项运动员（8名女性，14名男性）在无身体负荷的情况下，分别在俯卧和站立射击姿势下各射击3组，每组5发子弹，随后在模拟的12.5公里越野滑雪追逐赛中，在两个项目中各进行2组相应射击。在射击前的最后0.5秒计算描述扳机触发、后肩处步枪受力以及身体和步枪摆动的生物力学变量。对于计算得到的线性判别分析，根据每种情况下的平均得分将受试者分为高水平和低水平表现者。此外，计算所有生物力学因素之间的相关性。
对于俯卧射击，休息状态下的肩部受力和比赛模拟中的垂直步枪摆动是主要判别指标。在站立休息射击中发现了几个身体和步枪摆动变量是预测指标。在站立比赛情况下，射击线处的身体摆动倾向于区分不同组。因此，主要的表现预测指标因疲劳而改变。发现扳机触发与步枪摆动、肩部受力与步枪摆动以及身体摆动与步枪摆动之间存在相关性。
根据当前结果，建议运动员在疲劳时，俯卧射击时关注垂直步枪摆动，站立射击时关注射击线处的身体摆动。
