KIHU - Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2018 Jun;28(6):1700-1707. doi: 10.1111/sms.13072. Epub 2018 Mar 9.
The aim of this study was to identify performance-determining factors in biathlon standing shooting in rest and after intense exercise. Eight Finnish national- and nine junior-team biathletes participated in the study. Participants fired 40 resting shots (REST) and 2 × 5 competition simulation shots (LOAD) after 5 minutes of roller skiing at 95% of peak heart rate. Hit percentage, aiming point trajectory and postural balance were measured from each shot. Cleanness of triggering (ATV, movement of the aiming point 0-0.2 second before the shot) and vertical stability of hold (DevY) were the most important components affecting shooting performance both in REST (DevY, R = -0.61, P < .01; ATV, R = -0.65, P < .01) and in LOAD (DevY, R = -0.50, P < .05; ATV, R = -0.77, P < .001). Postural balance, especially in shooting direction, was related to DevY and ATV. Stability of hold in horizontal (F(1,15) = 7.025, P < .05) and vertical (F(1,15) = 21.285, P < .001) directions, aiming accuracy (F(1,15) = 9.060, P < .01), and cleanness of triggering (F(1,15) = 59.584, P < .001) decreased from REST to LOAD, accompanied by a decrease in postural balance. National- and junior-team biathletes differed only in hit percentage in REST (92 ± 8% vs 81 ± 8%, P < .05) and left leg postural balance in shooting direction in LOAD (0.31 ± 0.18 mm vs 0.52 ± 0.20 mm, P < .05), and the intense exercise affected the shooting technical components similarly in both national and junior groups. Biathletes should focus on cleanness of triggering and vertical stability of hold in order to improve biathlon standing shooting performance. More stable postural balance in shooting direction could help to improve these shooting technical components.
本研究旨在确定冬季两项站立射击中休息和剧烈运动后的表现决定因素。8 名芬兰国家和 9 名青年队冬季两项运动员参加了这项研究。参与者在以 95%的最大心率进行 5 分钟滚轴滑雪后，分别进行了 40 次休息射击（REST）和 2×5 比赛模拟射击（LOAD）。从每次射击中测量命中百分比、瞄准点轨迹和姿势平衡。触发的清洁度（ATV，瞄准点在射击前 0-0.2 秒的运动）和保持的垂直稳定性（DevY）是影响 REST 和 LOAD 射击表现的最重要因素（DevY，R = -0.61，P <.01；ATV，R = -0.65，P <.01）。姿势平衡，特别是在射击方向上，与 DevY 和 ATV 有关。水平（F（1，15）= 7.025，P <.05）和垂直（F（1，15）= 21.285，P <.001）方向的保持稳定性、瞄准精度（F（1，15）= 9.060，P <.01）和触发的清洁度（F（1，15）= 59.584，P <.001）从 REST 到 LOAD 降低，同时姿势平衡也降低。国家和青年队冬季两项运动员仅在 REST 中的命中百分比（92 ± 8%对 81 ± 8%，P <.05）和 LOAD 中射击方向的左腿姿势平衡（0.31 ± 0.18 毫米对 0.52 ± 0.20 毫米，P <.05）存在差异，而剧烈运动对两组国家和青年运动员的射击技术成分的影响相似。运动员应专注于触发的清洁度和垂直保持的稳定性，以提高冬季两项站立射击表现。在射击方向上更稳定的姿势平衡可能有助于改善这些射击技术成分。
