Harper Liam D, Fothergill Melissa, West Daniel J, Stevenson Emma, Russell Mark
Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.
PLoS One. 2016 Jul 6;11(7):e0157687. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157687. eCollection 2016.
Qualitative research investigating soccer practitioners' perceptions can allow researchers to create practical research investigations. The extra-time period of soccer is understudied compared to other areas of soccer research. Using an open-ended online survey containing eleven main and nine sub questions, we gathered the perceptions of extra-time from 46 soccer practitioners, all working for different professional soccer clubs. Questions related to current practices, views on extra-time regulations, and ideas for future research. Using inductive content analysis, the following general dimensions were identified: 'importance of extra-time', 'rule changes', 'efficacy of extra-time hydro-nutritional provision', 'nutritional timing', 'future research directions', 'preparatory modulations' and 'recovery'. The majority of practitioners (63%) either agreed or strongly agreed that extra-time is an important period for determining success in knockout football match-play. When asked if a fourth substitution should be permitted in extra-time, 67% agreed. The use of hydro-nutritional strategies prior to extra-time was predominately considered important or very important. However; only 41% of practitioners felt that it was the most important time point for the use of nutritional products. A similar number of practitioners account (50%) and do not (50%) account for the potential of extra-time when training and preparing players and 89% of practitioners stated that extra-time influences recovery practices following matches. In the five minute break prior to extra-time, the following practices (in order of priority) were advocated to players: hydration, energy provision, massage, and tactical preparations. Additionally, 87% of practitioners advocate a particular nutritional supplementation strategy prior to extra-time. In order of importance, practitioners see the following as future research areas: nutritional interventions, fatigue responses, acute injury risk, recovery modalities, training paradigms, injury epidemiology, and environmental considerations. This study presents novel insight into the practitioner perceptions of extra-time and provides information to readers about current applied practices and potential future research opportunities.
调查足球从业者认知的定性研究能够让研究人员开展切实可行的研究调查。与足球研究的其他领域相比，足球加时赛阶段的研究较少。我们通过一项包含11个主要问题和9个次要问题的开放式在线调查，收集了46名足球从业者对加时赛的看法，他们均就职于不同的职业足球俱乐部。问题涉及当前的做法、对加时赛规则的看法以及未来研究的思路。通过归纳式内容分析，确定了以下几个总体维度：“加时赛的重要性”“规则变化”“加时赛中水分和营养供给的效果”“营养摄入时间”“未来研究方向”“准备阶段的调整”和“恢复”。大多数从业者（63%）同意或强烈同意加时赛是决定淘汰赛胜负的重要阶段。当被问及是否应允许在加时赛中进行第四次换人时，67%的人表示同意。大多数人认为在加时赛前使用水分和营养策略很重要或非常重要。然而，只有41%的从业者认为这是使用营养产品的最重要时间点。在训练和准备球员时，有50%的从业者考虑到了加时赛的可能性，另外50%的从业者则没有考虑到。89%的从业者表示加时赛会影响赛后的恢复措施。在加时赛前的五分钟休息时间里，建议球员按以下顺序进行如下操作：补水、补充能量、按摩和战术准备。此外，87%的从业者提倡在加时赛前采用特定的营养补充策略。按重要性排序，从业者认为未来的研究领域包括：营养干预、疲劳反应、急性损伤风险、恢复方式、训练模式、损伤流行病学和环境因素。本研究展现了从业者对加时赛认知的全新见解，并向读者提供了有关当前应用实践和潜在未来研究机会的信息。
