Russell Mark, Kingsley Michael
Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK,
Sports Med. 2014 Jul;44(7):957-70. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0184-8.
The use of nutritional ergogenic aids in team sports such as soccer is now commonplace. Aligned with the primary aim of soccer, which is to score more goals than the opposition within the allotted time, the quality of performance of technical actions (i.e., skills) executed during soccer-specific exercise is likely to determine success. However, when seeking to maintain soccer skill performance, information about the efficacy of nutritional interventions is lacking and factors which might modulate the efficacy of such strategies are unclear.
This review aimed (i) to systematically evaluate the current research that examines the efficacy of nutritional interventions on soccer skills, and (ii) to provide a qualitative commentary on factors that have the potential to modulate the efficacy of such strategies.
Relevant databases (PubMed and SPORTDiscus) were searched up to and including 1 July, 2013 for studies that investigated the efficacy of acute nutritional interventions on soccer skill performances.
Overall, 279 records were retrieved. Articles were sequentially excluded from the review based on specific criteria, being: (A) articles that did not report outcomes directly relating to skilled performances in soccer, (B) articles that examined the influence of interventions that were not nutritional in origin and/or were nutritional in origin but provided >3 hours before skill testing commenced, (C) articles that were review papers, and (D) post-acceptance withdrawal of articles methods from database.
Articles were independently assessed for the quality of the methods employed based upon the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Records achieving a minimum PEDro score of 5 out of 10 were included in this review. Qualitative appraisal of 13 articles was performed after the application of exclusion criteria and quality assurance processes. The majority (n = 8) of articles examined the influence of carbohydrates on technical performance whereas fewer studies investigated the influence of caffeine ingestion (n = 2) and fluid provision (n = 3).
Findings were reported for a total of 171 participants and all but one of the included articles used cross-over study designs. Most participants (94 %) were male, highly trained (reported maximal aerobic capacity range 50-59 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and exercised in temperate environments (reported temperature range 13-25 °C). Six of the eight studies reported that carbohydrates, consumed in the form of a 6-8 % solution of glucose, sucrose or maltodextrin at rates of 30-60 g·h(-1), enhanced at least one aspect of skilled performance over the duration of exercise (75-90 min). Although some evidence exists to support the consumption of caffeine (6 mg·kg(-1) body mass [BM]) and prescribed fluid to preserve skills performed during soccer-specific exercise, findings from the small number of included studies were inconsistent.
The outcome measures and methods used to quantify skilled performance were not consistent across studies; consequently, it was not possible to perform meta-analyses to produce pooled effect sizes in this review.
The findings from this systematic review suggest that nutritional interventions, which provide carbohydrate, caffeine and fluid, have potential to preserve skills performed under conditions that induce soccer-specific fatigue. The weight of current evidence supports the consumption of carbohydrate, but is less conclusive with respect to caffeine and fluid provision. It is likely that the efficacy of a nutritional intervention will be modulated by factors including the dose consumed, the mode of administration, individual responsiveness to the intervention and interactions with other physiological changes occurring during soccer-specific exercise. Consequently, these factors should be considered when using carbohydrates, caffeine and fluid provision to maintain skilled performances in soccer. Future research should seek to optimise the nutritional strategies employed to maintain technical performance throughout match-play.
在足球等团队运动中使用营养性机能增进辅助物如今已很常见。与足球的主要目标一致，即在规定时间内比对手进更多球，足球专项训练中执行的技术动作（即技能）的表现质量很可能决定成败。然而，在试图维持足球技能表现时，缺乏关于营养干预效果的信息，且可能调节此类策略效果的因素尚不清楚。
本综述旨在（i）系统评价当前研究营养干预对足球技能效果的研究，以及（ii）对可能调节此类策略效果的因素进行定性评论。
检索了相关数据库（PubMed和SPORTDiscus），截至并包括2013年7月1日，以查找研究急性营养干预对足球技能表现效果的研究。
总共检索到279条记录。根据特定标准将文章依次从综述中排除，这些标准为：（A）未报告与足球技能表现直接相关结果的文章；（B）研究非营养性干预和/或营养性干预但在技能测试开始前3小时以上提供的干预影响的文章；（C）综述文章；（D）文章在被接受后从数据库撤回。
根据物理治疗证据数据库（PEDro）量表独立评估文章所采用方法的质量。本综述纳入PEDro评分至少为5分（满分10分）的记录。在应用排除标准和质量保证流程后，对13篇文章进行了定性评估。大多数文章（n = 8）研究了碳水化合物对技术表现的影响，而较少研究调查了咖啡因摄入（n = 2）和液体补充（n = 3）的影响。
共报告了171名参与者的研究结果，除一篇纳入文章外，其余均采用交叉研究设计。大多数参与者（94%）为男性，训练有素（报告的最大有氧能力范围为50 - 59 ml·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹），且在温带环境中运动（报告的温度范围为13 - 25°C）。八项研究中的六项报告称，以葡萄糖、蔗糖或麦芽糊精6 - 8%溶液的形式，以30 - 60 g·h⁻¹的速率摄入碳水化合物，在运动持续时间（75 - 90分钟）内至少增强了技能表现的一个方面。尽管有一些证据支持摄入咖啡因（6 mg·kg⁻¹体重[BM]）和规定的液体以保持足球专项训练中执行的技能，但纳入的少数研究结果并不一致。
各研究用于量化技能表现的结果测量方法和方式不一致；因此，本综述无法进行荟萃分析以得出合并效应量。
本系统综述的结果表明，提供碳水化合物、咖啡因和液体的营养干预有可能在诱导足球专项疲劳的条件下保持技能表现。目前的证据权重支持摄入碳水化合物，但关于咖啡因和液体补充的结论性较弱。营养干预的效果可能会受到多种因素的调节，包括摄入量、给药方式、个体对干预的反应以及与足球专项训练期间发生的其他生理变化的相互作用。因此，在使用碳水化合物、咖啡因和液体补充来维持足球技能表现时应考虑这些因素。未来的研究应寻求优化在整个比赛中维持技术表现所采用的营养策略。
