Biggs Duan, Cooney Rosie, Roe Dilys, Dublin Holly T, Allan James R, Challender Dan W S, Skinner Diane
Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan QLD, 4111, Australia.
ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions, Centre for Biodiversity & Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
Conserv Biol. 2017 Feb;31(1):5-12. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12796. Epub 2016 Nov 4.
The escalating illegal wildlife trade (IWT) is one of the most high-profile conservation challenges today. The crisis has attracted over US$350 million in donor and government funding in recent years, primarily directed at increased enforcement. There is growing recognition among practitioners and policy makers of the need to engage rural communities that neighbor or live with wildlife as key partners in tackling IWT. However, a framework to guide such community engagement is lacking. We developed a theory of change (ToC) to guide policy makers, donors, and practitioners in partnering with communities to combat IWT. We identified 4 pathways for community-level actions: strengthen disincentives for illegal behavior, increase incentives for wildlife stewardship, decrease costs of living with wildlife, and support livelihoods that are not related to wildlife. To succeed the pathways, all require strengthening of enabling conditions, including capacity building, and of governance. Our ToC serves to guide actions to tackle IWT and to inform the evaluation of policies. Moreover, it can be used to foster dialogue among IWT stakeholders, from local communities to governments and international donors, to develop a more effective, holistic, and sustainable community-based response to the IWT crisis.
日益猖獗的非法野生动物贸易（IWT）是当今最受瞩目的保护挑战之一。近年来，这场危机已吸引了超过3.5亿美元的捐赠者和政府资金，主要用于加强执法力度。从业者和政策制定者越来越认识到，有必要让与野生动物相邻或共生的农村社区成为应对非法野生动物贸易的关键伙伴。然而，目前缺乏一个指导此类社区参与的框架。我们制定了一个变革理论（ToC），以指导政策制定者、捐赠者和从业者与社区合作打击非法野生动物贸易。我们确定了社区层面行动的4条途径：强化对非法行为的抑制措施，增加野生动物保护的激励措施，降低与野生动物共存的成本，以及支持与野生动物无关的生计。要使这些途径取得成功，所有途径都需要加强有利条件，包括能力建设和治理。我们的变革理论有助于指导应对非法野生动物贸易的行动，并为政策评估提供信息。此外，它可用于促进非法野生动物贸易利益相关者之间的对话，从当地社区到政府和国际捐赠者，以制定更有效、全面和可持续的基于社区的应对非法野生动物贸易危机的措施。
