Tortella Patrizia, Haga Monika, Loras Håvard, Sigmundsson Hermundur, Fumagalli Guido
Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Research Center on Child Motor Development, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
Department of Physiotherapy, Sör-Tröndelag University College, Trondheim, Norway.
PLoS One. 2016 Jul 27;11(7):e0160244. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160244. eCollection 2016.
This study examined the effects and specificity of structured and unstructured activities played at the playground Primo Sport 0246 in Northern Italy on motor skill competence in five years old children. The playground was specifically designed to promote gross motor skills in preschool children; in this study 71 children from local kindergartens came to the park once a week for ten consecutive weeks and were exposed to 30 minutes of free play and 30 minutes of structured activities. Before and after the ten visits, each child completed nine tests to assess levels of motor skills, three for fine-motor skills and six for gross-motor skills. As control, motor skills were also assessed on 39 children from different kindergartens who did not come to the park. The results show that the experimental group who practiced gross-motor activities in the playground for 1 hour a week for 10 weeks improved significantly in 4 out of the 6 gross motor tasks and in none of the fine motor tasks. The data indicate that limited transfer occurred between tasks referring to different domains of motor competences while suggesting cross feeding for improvement of gross-motor skills between different exercises when domains related to physical fitness and strength of specific muscle groups are involved. These results are relevant to the issue of condition(s) appropriate for maintaining and developing motor skills in this age group as well as for the planning, organization and implementation of play and physical activities in kindergartens.
本研究考察了在意大利北部的Primo Sport 0246游乐场进行的结构化和非结构化活动对五岁儿童运动技能能力的影响及特异性。该游乐场专为促进学龄前儿童的大肌肉运动技能而设计；在本研究中，71名来自当地幼儿园的儿童连续十周每周到该公园一次，进行30分钟的自由玩耍和30分钟的结构化活动。在十次游玩前后，每个孩子完成九项测试以评估运动技能水平，其中三项用于评估精细运动技能，六项用于评估大肌肉运动技能。作为对照，还对39名未到该公园的来自不同幼儿园的儿童进行了运动技能评估。结果显示，实验组儿童每周在游乐场进行1小时的大肌肉运动活动，持续10周，在6项大肌肉运动任务中的4项上有显著改善，而在精细运动任务中均无改善。数据表明，在涉及不同运动能力领域的任务之间，有限的迁移发生，同时表明当涉及与特定肌肉群的体能和力量相关的领域时，不同练习之间在改善大肌肉运动技能方面存在交叉促进作用。这些结果与适合该年龄组维持和发展运动技能的条件问题相关，也与幼儿园游戏和体育活动的规划、组织和实施相关。
