Institute of Toxicology of Defence, Central Hospital of Defence Gómez Ulla, Madrid, Spain.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
Sci Total Environ. 2016 Nov 15;571:164-71. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.134. Epub 2016 Jul 26.
Very few studies exist on urinary arsenic exposure in Spain.
To evaluate total and speciated urinary arsenic (As) levels in a Spanish population sample.
Demographic, lifestyle and dietary data was collected for 124 volunteers (aged 20-76years; 88 women and 36 men), who were tested for total arsenic and five arsenic species using high-performance liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.
Arsenobetaine (AB) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were detected in 96.8% of the study participants (limit of detection (LOD) 1.0μg/L for AB and 1.9μg/L for DMA). Monomethylarsonic acid (MMA) and arsenous acid (As(III)) were detected in 5.6% (LOD 1.8μg/L) and 1.6% (LOD 1.4μg/L) of the participants, respectively; arsenic acid (As(V)) was not detected (LOD 1.4μg/L). AB and DMA (geometric mean (GM) 29.1μg/L and 7.5μg/L, respectively) were the main contributors to total urinary arsenic levels. Urinary DMA was positively associated with AB.
Total arsenic levels observed in the Spanish population sample were higher than those reported by other European studies. The most recurrent urinary arsenic species was AB, followed by DMA, probably attributable to the high Spanish consumption of seafood. We recommend using inorganic As+MMA as the two main urinary biomarkers for inorganic As exposure. Our results provide reference data for analysing arsenic speciation results and assessing human exposure.
西班牙有关尿砷暴露的研究甚少。
评估西班牙人群样本中的总砷和五种砷形态的尿砷水平。
对 124 名志愿者（年龄 20-76 岁；88 名女性和 36 名男性）进行了人口统计学、生活方式和饮食数据收集，使用高效液相色谱-电感耦合等离子体质谱法对总砷和五种砷形态进行了检测。
研究参与者中 96.8%（砷甜菜碱 AB 的检测限为 1.0μg/L，二甲基砷酸 DMA 的检测限为 1.9μg/L）检测到 AB 和 DMA。5.6%（一甲基砷酸 MMA 的检测限为 1.8μg/L）和 1.6%（砷酸 As(III)的检测限为 1.4μg/L）的参与者检测到 MMA 和 As(III)；未检测到砷酸 As(V)（检测限为 1.4μg/L）。AB 和 DMA（几何均值分别为 29.1μg/L 和 7.5μg/L）是总尿砷水平的主要贡献者。尿 DMA 与 AB 呈正相关。
西班牙人群样本中的总砷水平高于其他欧洲研究报告的水平。最常见的尿砷形态是 AB，其次是 DMA，这可能归因于西班牙人大量食用海鲜。我们建议使用无机砷+MMA 作为无机砷暴露的两个主要尿生物标志物。我们的研究结果为分析砷形态结果和评估人类暴露提供了参考数据。
