Smith Pamela K, Hofmann Wilhelm
Rady School of Management, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0553;
Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2016 Sep 6;113(36):10043-8. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1604820113. Epub 2016 Aug 22.
How does power manifest itself in everyday life? Using experience-sampling methodology, we investigated the prevalence, sources, and correlates of power in people's natural environments. Participants experienced power-relevant situations regularly, though not frequently. High power was not restricted to a limited few: almost half of the sample reported experiencing high-power positions. Positional power and subjective feelings of power were strongly related but had unique relations with several individual difference measures and independent effects on participants' affect, cognition, and interpersonal relations. Subjective feelings of power resulted more from within-participant situational fluctuation, such as the social roles participants held at different times, than from stable differences between people. Our data supported some theoretical predictions about power's effects on affect, cognition, and interpersonal relations, but qualified others, particularly highlighting the role of responsibility in power's effects. Although the power literature has focused on high power, we found stronger effects of low power than high power.
权力在日常生活中是如何表现的？我们采用经验抽样法，研究了权力在人们自然环境中的普遍性、来源及其相关因素。参与者经常（尽管并非频繁地）经历与权力相关的情境。高权力并不局限于少数人：几乎一半的样本报告称经历过高权力地位。职位权力与权力的主观感受密切相关，但与几种个体差异测量指标有着独特的关系，并且对参与者的情感、认知和人际关系有着独立的影响。权力的主观感受更多地源于参与者内部的情境波动，比如参与者在不同时间所扮演的社会角色，而非人与人之间的稳定差异。我们的数据支持了一些关于权力对情感、认知和人际关系影响的理论预测，但也对其他一些预测进行了修正，尤其突出了责任在权力影响中的作用。尽管权力相关文献主要关注高权力，但我们发现低权力的影响比高权力更强。
