Manyi-Loh Christy E, Mamphweli Sampson N, Meyer Edson L, Makaka Golden, Simon Michael, Okoh Anthony I
Fort Hare Institute of Technology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice Campus, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2016 Aug 25;13(9):843. doi: 10.3390/ijerph13090843.
Cattle manure harbors microbial constituents that make it a potential source of pollution in the environment and infections in humans. Knowledge of, and microbial assessment of, manure is crucial in a bid to prevent public health and environmental hazards through the development of better management practices and policies that should govern manure handling. Physical, chemical and biological methods to reduce pathogen population in manure do exist, but are faced with challenges such as cost, odor pollution, green house gas emission, etc. Consequently, anaerobic digestion of animal manure is currently one of the most widely used treatment method that can help to salvage the above-mentioned adverse effects and in addition, produces biogas that can serve as an alternative/complementary source of energy. However, this method has to be monitored closely as it could be fraught with challenges during operation, caused by the inherent characteristics of the manure. In addition, to further reduce bacterial pathogens to a significant level, anaerobic digestion can be combined with other methods such as thermal, aerobic and physical methods. In this paper, we review the bacterial composition of cattle manure as well as methods engaged in the control of pathogenic microbes present in manure and recommendations that need to be respected and implemented in order to prevent microbial contamination of the environment, animals and humans.
牛粪含有微生物成分,使其成为环境污染和人类感染的潜在来源。了解牛粪并对其进行微生物评估,对于通过制定更好的管理措施和政策来防止公共卫生和环境危害至关重要,这些措施和政策应规范牛粪的处理。确实存在减少牛粪中病原体数量的物理、化学和生物方法,但面临成本、气味污染、温室气体排放等挑战。因此,动物粪便的厌氧消化是目前应用最广泛的处理方法之一,它有助于消除上述不利影响,此外还能产生沼气,可作为替代/补充能源。然而,由于牛粪的固有特性,该方法在运行过程中可能充满挑战,因此必须密切监测。此外,为了将细菌病原体进一步大幅减少,厌氧消化可与其他方法如热、好氧和物理方法相结合。在本文中,我们综述了牛粪的细菌组成以及控制牛粪中致病微生物的方法,以及为防止环境、动物和人类受到微生物污染而需要遵循和实施的建议。