McDaniel M A, Kowitz M D, Dunay P K
Mem Cognit. 1989 Jul;17(4):423-34. doi: 10.3758/bf03202614.
Three experiments were designed to investigate the influence of initial recall on memory by assessing delayed recall after different immediate cued-recall tests. In all experiments, subjects performed semantic and phonemic encoding tasks on a word list. The subjects then received a cued-recall test that cued the target using the same word as the context word in the encoding task, a test that cued the target with a word from the same level at which the target was encoded, a test that cued the target with a cue from a different level at which the target was encoded, or no immediate-recall test. One day later, the subjects performed a final cued-recall test in which the type of cue (semantic or phonemic) was varied. Consistently, delayed recall was facilitated primarily when the cue on the immediate test was from the same level as the cue on the delayed test. This pattern of facilitation suggests that immediate cued-recall produces an elaboration of an existing memory representation that is closely tied to the type of cue used on the immediate test.
设计了三个实验，通过评估不同即时线索回忆测试后的延迟回忆，来研究初始回忆对记忆的影响。在所有实验中，受试者对一个单词列表执行语义和音素编码任务。然后，受试者接受一次线索回忆测试，该测试使用与编码任务中上下文单词相同的单词作为线索来提示目标，或者使用与目标编码处于同一层级的单词来提示目标，或者使用来自目标编码不同层级的线索来提示目标，或者不进行即时回忆测试。一天后，受试者进行了一次最终线索回忆测试，其中线索的类型（语义或音素）有所变化。一直以来，主要是当即时测试中的线索与延迟测试中的线索处于同一层级时，延迟回忆会得到促进。这种促进模式表明，即时线索回忆会产生与即时测试中使用的线索类型紧密相关的现有记忆表征的细化。
