Orench-Rivera Nichole, Kuehn Meta J
Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, USA.
Cell Microbiol. 2016 Nov;18(11):1525-1536. doi: 10.1111/cmi.12676.
Over the past two decades, researchers studying both microbial and host cell communities have gained an appreciation for the ability of bacteria to produce, regulate, and functionally utilize outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) as a means to survive and interact with their cellular and acellular environments. Common ground has emerged, as it appears that vesicle production is an environmentally controlled and specific secretion process; however, it has been challenging to discover the principles that govern fundamentals of vesicle-mediated transport. Namely, there does not appear to be a single mechanism modulating OMV export, nor universal "markers" for OMV cargo incorporation, nor particular host cell responses common to treatment with all OMVs. Given the diversity of species studied, their differences in envelope architecture and composition, the diversity of environmentally regulated bacterial processes, and the variety of interactions between bacteria and their abiotic and biotic environments, this is hardly surprising. Nevertheless, the ability of bacteria to control exported material in the context of a packaged insoluble particle, a vesicle, is emerging as a significant contribution to bacterial viability, biofilm communities, and bacterial-host interactions. In this review, we focus on detailing important, recent findings regarding the content and functional differences in bacterially secreted vesicles that are influenced by growth conditions.
在过去二十年中，研究微生物和宿主细胞群落的研究人员逐渐认识到细菌具有产生、调节和功能性利用外膜囊泡（OMV）的能力，以此作为在其细胞和非细胞环境中生存及相互作用的一种方式。共同点已经显现，因为囊泡产生似乎是一个受环境控制的特定分泌过程；然而，要发现支配囊泡介导运输基本原理的规律一直具有挑战性。具体而言，似乎不存在单一机制调节OMV输出，也没有用于OMV货物掺入的通用“标记物”，也没有所有OMV处理共有的特定宿主细胞反应。鉴于所研究物种的多样性、它们包膜结构和组成的差异、环境调节细菌过程的多样性以及细菌与其非生物和生物环境之间相互作用的多样性，这并不奇怪。尽管如此，细菌在包装的不溶性颗粒即囊泡的情况下控制输出物质的能力，正成为对细菌生存能力、生物膜群落以及细菌与宿主相互作用的重大贡献。在这篇综述中，我们专注于详细阐述受生长条件影响的细菌分泌囊泡在内容物和功能差异方面的重要近期发现。
