INRA, UMR0951 Innovation, F-34000 Montpellier, France.
UMR Agronomie, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France.
Sci Total Environ. 2017 Jan 1;575:152-161. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.008. Epub 2016 Oct 10.
The frequent, widespread use of pesticides in agriculture adversely affects biodiversity, human health, and water quality. In 2008, the French government adopted an environmental policy plan, "Ecophyto 2018", to halve pesticide use within 10years. Trends in synthetic pesticide sales and use in France were described, through three different indicators: the number of unit doses (NUD), the quantity of active ingredient (QAI), and the treatment frequency index (TFI). Changes in pesticide use on seven of the principal arable crops in France since the implementation of this policy plan were analyzed, together with the impact of changes in pesticide use on water quality. No evidence was found for a decrease in pesticide sales at national level between 2008 and 2013. In terms of the TFI values for individual crops, the only decrease in pesticide use observed since 2001 was for soft wheat. This decrease was very slight, and pesticide use did not decline more rapidly after 2006 than before. Changes in pesticide use differed between French regions and crops. Water pollution did not decrease during the period studied. Possible explanations for the lack of effectiveness of the French environmental plan are considered in the context of European legislation.
农业中频繁和广泛使用的农药对生物多样性、人类健康和水质产生不利影响。2008 年，法国政府通过了一项环境政策计划“Ecophyto 2018”，旨在在 10 年内将农药使用量减半。通过三个不同的指标：单位剂量数（NUD）、有效成分数量（QAI）和处理频率指数（TFI），描述了法国合成农药销售和使用的趋势。分析了自该政策计划实施以来法国七种主要农作物上农药使用的变化情况，以及农药使用变化对水质的影响。在 2008 年至 2013 年期间，在全国范围内没有发现农药销售下降的证据。就个别作物的 TFI 值而言，自 2001 年以来观察到的唯一农药使用减少是软小麦。这种减少非常轻微，而且 2006 年后农药使用的减少速度并不比之前更快。农药使用的变化因法国地区和作物而异。在研究期间，水污染没有减少。考虑到欧洲法规的背景，考虑了法国环境计划缺乏有效性的可能原因。
