Griffin Diane E
W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
Viruses. 2016 Oct 12;8(10):282. doi: 10.3390/v8100282.
Measles is an acute systemic viral infection with immune system interactions that play essential roles in multiple stages of infection and disease. Measles virus (MeV) infection does not induce type 1 interferons, but leads to production of cytokines and chemokines associated with nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NFκB) signaling and activation of the NACHT, LRR and PYD domains-containing protein (NLRP3) inflammasome. This restricted response allows extensive virus replication and spread during a clinically silent latent period of 10-14 days. The first appearance of the disease is a 2-3 day prodrome of fever, runny nose, cough, and conjunctivitis that is followed by a characteristic maculopapular rash that spreads from the face and trunk to the extremities. The rash is a manifestation of the MeV-specific type 1 CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cell adaptive immune response with lymphocyte infiltration into tissue sites of MeV replication and coincides with clearance of infectious virus. However, clearance of viral RNA from blood and tissues occurs over weeks to months after resolution of the rash and is associated with a period of immunosuppression. However, during viral RNA clearance, MeV-specific antibody also matures in type and avidity and T cell functions evolve from type 1 to type 2 and 17 responses that promote B cell development. Recovery is associated with sustained levels of neutralizing antibody and life-long protective immunity.
麻疹是一种急性全身性病毒感染，其与免疫系统的相互作用在感染和疾病的多个阶段发挥着重要作用。麻疹病毒（MeV）感染不会诱导1型干扰素产生，但会导致与活化B细胞核因子κ轻链增强子（NFκB）信号传导相关的细胞因子和趋化因子的产生，以及含NACHT、LRR和PYD结构域的蛋白（NLRP3）炎性小体的激活。这种受限的反应使得病毒在10 - 14天的临床无症状潜伏期内大量复制和传播。疾病的首次表现是持续2 - 3天的前驱症状，包括发热、流涕、咳嗽和结膜炎，随后是特征性的斑丘疹，从面部和躯干蔓延至四肢。皮疹是MeV特异性1型CD4⁺和CD8⁺ T细胞适应性免疫反应的表现，淋巴细胞浸润到MeV复制的组织部位，同时伴有传染性病毒的清除。然而，皮疹消退后数周甚至数月，血液和组织中的病毒RNA才会清除，这与一段免疫抑制期相关。不过，在病毒RNA清除期间，MeV特异性抗体在类型和亲和力方面也会成熟，T细胞功能从1型演变为2型和17型反应，从而促进B细胞发育。康复与中和抗体的持续水平以及终身保护性免疫相关。
