Sevos Jessica, Grosselin Anne, Brouillet Denis, Pellet Jacques, Massoubre Catherine
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Saint-ÉtienneSaint-Étienne, France; TAPE Laboratory, EA7423, University of Jean MonnetSaint-Étienne, France.
Epsylon Laboratory, EA4556, Department of Psychology, University of Montpellier III Montpellier, France.
Front Psychol. 2016 Oct 5;7:1551. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01551. eCollection 2016.
The simple perception of an object can potentiate an associated action. This affordance effect depends heavily on the action context in which the object is presented. In recent years, psychologists, psychiatrists, and phenomenologists have agreed that subjects with schizophrenia may not perceive the affordances of people or objects that could lead to a loss of ease in their actions. We examined whether the addition of contextually congruent elements, during the perception of everyday objects, could promote the emergence of object-affordance effects in subjects with schizophrenia and controls. Participants performed two Stimulus-Response-Compatibility tasks in which they were presented with semantic primes related to sense of property (Experiment 1) or goal of action (Experiment 2) prior to viewing each graspable object. Controls responded faster when their response hand and the graspable part of the object were compatibly oriented, but only when the context was congruent with the individual's needs and goals. When the context operated as a constraint, the affordance-effect was disrupted. These results support the understanding that object-affordance is flexible and not just intrinsic to an object. However, the absence of this object-affordance effect in subjects with schizophrenia suggests the possible impairment of their ability to experience the internal simulation of motor action potentialities. In such case, all activities of daily life would require the involvement of higher cognitive processes rather than lower level sensorimotor processes. The study of schizophrenia requires the consideration of concepts and methods that arise from the theories of embodied and situated cognition.
对一个物体的简单感知就可以增强与之相关的动作。这种可供性效应在很大程度上取决于呈现该物体的动作背景。近年来，心理学家、精神科医生和现象学家一致认为，精神分裂症患者可能无法感知人或物体的可供性，而这可能导致他们行动时缺乏轻松感。我们研究了在对日常物体的感知过程中添加与背景相符的元素，是否能促进精神分裂症患者和对照组中物体可供性效应的出现。参与者进行了两项刺激-反应兼容性任务，在每次看到可抓握物体之前，他们会看到与所有权感（实验1）或行动目标（实验2）相关的语义启动刺激。对照组在其反应手与物体的可抓握部分方向一致时反应更快，但前提是背景与个体的需求和目标相符。当背景起到限制作用时，可供性效应就会被破坏。这些结果支持了这样一种理解，即物体可供性是灵活的，而不仅仅是物体固有的属性。然而，精神分裂症患者中缺乏这种物体可供性效应，表明他们体验运动动作潜能内部模拟的能力可能受损。在这种情况下，日常生活中的所有活动都需要更高层次的认知过程参与，而不是较低层次的感觉运动过程。对精神分裂症的研究需要考虑来自具身认知和情境认知理论的概念和方法。
