Arreola Rodrigo, Alvarez-Herrera Samantha, Pérez-Sánchez Gilberto, Becerril-Villanueva Enrique, Cruz-Fuentes Carlos, Flores-Gutierrez Enrique Octavio, Garcés-Alvarez María Eugenia, de la Cruz-Aguilera Dora Luz, Medina-Rivero Emilio, Hurtado-Alvarado Gabriela, Quintero-Fabián Saray, Pavón Lenin
Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
Department of Psychoimmunology, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Calzada México-Xochimilco 101, Colonia San Lorenzo Huipulco, Tlalpan, 14370 Mexico City, Mexico.
J Immunol Res. 2016;2016:3160486. doi: 10.1155/2016/3160486. Epub 2016 Oct 4.
Dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), has modulatory functions at the systemic level. The peripheral and central nervous systems have independent dopaminergic system (DAS) that share mechanisms and molecular machinery. In the past century, experimental evidence has accumulated on the proteins knowledge that is involved in the synthesis, reuptake, and transportation of DA in leukocytes and the differential expression of the D1- (D1R and D5R) and D2- receptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R). The expression of these components depends on the state of cellular activation and the concentration and time of exposure to DA. Receptors that are expressed in leukocytes are linked to signaling pathways that are mediated by changes in cAMP concentration, which in turn triggers changes in phenotype and cellular function. According to the leukocyte lineage, the effects of DA are associated with such processes as respiratory burst, cytokine and antibody secretion, chemotaxis, apoptosis, and cytotoxicity. In clinical conditions such as schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, Tourette syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS), there are evident alterations during immune responses in leukocytes, in which changes in DA receptor density have been observed. Several groups have proposed that these findings are useful in establishing clinical status and clinical markers.
多巴胺（DA）是中枢神经系统（CNS）中的一种神经递质，在全身水平具有调节功能。外周和中枢神经系统拥有独立的多巴胺能系统（DAS），它们共享机制和分子机制。在过去的一个世纪里，关于参与白细胞中DA合成、再摄取和转运的蛋白质知识以及D1-（D1R和D5R）和D2-受体（D2R、D3R和D4R）的差异表达，积累了大量实验证据。这些成分的表达取决于细胞激活状态以及接触DA的浓度和时间。白细胞中表达的受体与由cAMP浓度变化介导的信号通路相关联，进而触发表型和细胞功能的变化。根据白细胞谱系，DA的作用与呼吸爆发、细胞因子和抗体分泌、趋化性、细胞凋亡和细胞毒性等过程相关。在精神分裂症、帕金森病、图雷特综合征和多发性硬化症（MS）等临床疾病中，白细胞免疫反应期间存在明显改变，其中观察到DA受体密度的变化。几个研究小组提出，这些发现有助于确定临床状态和临床标志物。
