Stewart P A
Respir Physiol. 1978 Apr;33(1):9-26. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(78)90079-8.
Basic physical principles and concepts plus computer-implemented numberical techniques now make possible a thorough quantitative analysis of acid-base systems. Some important conclusions from that analysis are presented: 1. Acid-base balance for physiological solutions hould be defined as the value of [OH-]/[H+]. 2. pH is a dangerously misleading indirect representation of [H+]. 3. Strong electrolytes affect [H+] and other deendent acid-base variables primarily through their resultant, the strong ion difference. 4 Hydrogen ion concentration in biological solutions is determined by the strong ion difference, the carbon dioxide partial pressure, and the total weak acid present. Changes in hydrogen ion concentration can be broght about only by changing one or more of these three independent variables. The same statements apply to all the other dependent variables, notably bicarbonate ion concentration. None of the dependent variables determines any other dependent variable, although their quantitative behaviors are necessarily correlected. 5. Solutions separated by membranes can interact in acid-base terms only by processes which alter the values of their independent variables. Interaction of intra- and extracellular acid-base balance can only occur by the cell membrane altering these independent variables in the extracellular fluid and in the cytosol.
基本物理原理和概念，再加上计算机实现的数值技术，现在使得对酸碱系统进行全面的定量分析成为可能。下面给出该分析得出的一些重要结论：1. 生理溶液的酸碱平衡应定义为[OH⁻]/[H⁺]的值。2. pH是[H⁺]的一种具有误导性的间接表示。3. 强电解质主要通过其结果，即强离子差，来影响[H⁺]和其他相关的酸碱变量。4. 生物溶液中的氢离子浓度由强离子差、二氧化碳分压和存在的总弱酸决定。氢离子浓度的变化只能通过改变这三个独立变量中的一个或多个来实现。同样的表述适用于所有其他相关变量，尤其是碳酸氢根离子浓度。尽管它们的定量行为必然相互关联，但没有一个相关变量能决定其他相关变量。5. 被膜分隔的溶液只能通过改变其独立变量值的过程在酸碱方面相互作用。细胞内和细胞外酸碱平衡的相互作用只能通过细胞膜改变细胞外液和细胞质中的这些独立变量来发生。
