Physiology Department, English Institute of Sport, Bisham, Nr. Marlow, SL7 1RR, UK.
Clinical Sleep Research Unit, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
Sports Med. 2017 Jul;47(7):1317-1333. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0650-6.
Information on sleep quality and insomnia symptomatology among elite athletes remains poorly systematised in the sports science and medicine literature. The extent to which performance in elite sport represents a risk for chronic insomnia is unknown.
The purpose of this systematic review was to profile the objective and experienced characteristics of sleep among elite athletes, and to consider relationships between elite sport and insomnia symptomatology.
Studies relating to sleep involving participants described on a pre-defined continuum of 'eliteness' were located through a systematic search of four research databases: SPORTDiscus, PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar, up to April 2016. Once extracted, studies were categorised as (1) those mainly describing sleep structure/patterns, (2) those mainly describing sleep quality and insomnia symptomatology and (3) those exploring associations between aspects of elite sport and sleep outcomes.
The search returned 1676 records. Following screening against set criteria, a total of 37 studies were identified. The quality of evidence reviewed was generally low. Pooled sleep quality data revealed high levels of sleep complaints in elite athletes. Three risk factors for sleep disturbance were broadly identified: (1) training, (2) travel and (3) competition.
While acknowledging the limited number of high-quality evidence reviewed, athletes show a high overall prevalence of insomnia symptoms characterised by longer sleep latencies, greater sleep fragmentation, non-restorative sleep, and excessive daytime fatigue. These symptoms show marked inter-sport differences. Two underlying mechanisms are implicated in the mediation of sport-related insomnia symptoms: pre-sleep cognitive arousal and sleep restriction.
在运动科学和医学文献中，有关精英运动员睡眠质量和失眠症状的信息仍未得到很好的系统整理。精英运动对慢性失眠的影响程度尚不清楚。
本系统综述的目的是描述精英运动员睡眠的客观和主观特征，并考虑精英运动与失眠症状之间的关系。
通过对 SPORTDiscus、PubMed、Science Direct 和 Google Scholar 这四个研究数据库进行系统检索，查找涉及被定义为“精英”的参与者的睡眠研究。检索时间截至 2016 年 4 月。一旦提取出研究，就将其分为以下几类：（1）主要描述睡眠结构/模式的研究，（2）主要描述睡眠质量和失眠症状的研究，以及（3）探索精英运动与睡眠结果之间关系的研究。
搜索返回了 1676 条记录。经过对设定标准的筛选，共确定了 37 项研究。审查的证据质量普遍较低。汇总的睡眠质量数据显示，精英运动员的睡眠投诉率很高。睡眠障碍的三个风险因素大致为：（1）训练，（2）旅行和（3）比赛。
尽管考虑到所审查的高质量证据数量有限，但运动员总体上表现出较高的失眠症状发生率，其特征是睡眠潜伏期延长、睡眠碎片化程度增加、睡眠质量不佳和白天过度疲劳。这些症状在不同运动项目之间存在明显差异。两种潜在机制被认为与与运动相关的失眠症状有关：（1）睡前认知唤醒和（2）睡眠限制。
