Jovanovic Mirjana, Antunovic Marko
Department for Addiction and Dual Disorders, Clinical Center, Psychiatrist/Psychiatric Clinic , Kragujevac , Serbia.
National Poison Control Center, Military Medical Academy , Belgrade , Serbia.
Front Public Health. 2016 Nov 29;4:264. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00264. eCollection 2016.
Alcohol continues to occupy a leading position in Europe as a popular substance of abuse. According to WHO sources together with cigarette smoking and obesity, alcohol is a major cause of preventable diseases. Harmful use of alcohol is one of the main factors contributing to premature deaths and disability and has a major impact on public health. The consequences of alcohol use on human health are enormous. Additionally, alcohol use can have harmful effects that do not directly affect person who consumes alcohol (e.g., fetal alcohol syndrome violations that are related to alcohol use, etc.). It is well known that the harmful effects and consequences of alcohol use (e.g., acute and chronic illness, injuries in fights, at the workplace, in traffic, violent behavior, and death) create a great burden for the economic development of society. Persons who have been diagnosed with alcoholism and currently drinking have a less chance to achieve a life insurance cover. On the contrary, recovering alcoholic with a significant abstinent period can get a good life insurance quote. The abstinence of a year or 2 is usually enough for a person to get an average price of life insurance. Furthermore, new consequent relapses could also be considered as potential aggravating factor to accomplish this kind of financial benefits. So far, the research (and interventions) focused on the effects on the population level, such as the increase in taxes, advertising bans, and the implementation of laws that prevent the use of alcohol in traffic. However, it seems that the problem may be viewed at the individual level. The models of the treatment should be designed according to the needs of the individual. These models should incorporate not only the reduction of alcohol intake but also the path to abstinence. The plan should take into account the different (individual) needs for treatment, with regard to the degree of alcohol dependence and health status and also include the needs of the family, community, and broader society.
在欧洲，酒精作为一种普遍滥用的物质，仍然占据着主导地位。根据世界卫生组织的资料，与吸烟和肥胖一样，酒精是可预防疾病的主要成因之一。有害饮酒是导致过早死亡和残疾的主要因素之一，对公众健康有重大影响。酒精对人类健康的影响是巨大的。此外，酒精使用可能产生的有害影响并不直接作用于饮酒者本人（例如，与酒精使用相关的胎儿酒精综合征等问题）。众所周知，酒精使用的有害影响和后果（如急性和慢性疾病、打架受伤、工作场所受伤、交通事故、暴力行为和死亡）给社会经济发展带来了巨大负担。已被诊断患有酒精中毒且目前仍在饮酒的人获得人寿保险的机会较小。相反，有较长戒酒期的戒酒者可以获得较好的人寿保险报价。通常，一年或两年的戒酒期足以让一个人获得平均水平的人寿保险价格。此外，后续新的复饮也可能被视为获得此类经济利益的潜在不利因素。到目前为止，研究（及干预措施）主要集中在对人口层面的影响，比如提高税收、禁止广告以及实施防止在交通中饮酒的法律。然而，似乎这个问题也可以从个人层面来审视。治疗模式应根据个人需求来设计。这些模式不仅应包括减少酒精摄入量，还应包括戒酒的途径。该计划应考虑到不同（个体）的治疗需求，包括酒精依赖程度和健康状况，同时也应包括家庭、社区及更广泛社会的需求。
