Heller Martin, Bauer Heide-Katharina, Goetze Elisabeth, Gielisch Matthias, Ozbolat Ibrahim T, Moncal Kazim K, Rizk Elias, Seitz Hermann, Gelinsky Michael, Schröder Heinz C, Wang Xiaohong H, Müller Werner E G, Al-Nawas Bilal
Int J Comput Dent. 2016;19(4):301-321.
The structural and functional repair of lost bone is still one of the biggest challenges in regenerative medicine. In many cases, autologous bone is used for the reconstruction of bone tissue; however, the availability of autologous material is limited, which always means additional stress to the patient. Due to this, more and more frequently various biocompatible materials are being used instead for bone augmentation. In this context, in order to ensure the structural function of the bone, scaffolds are implanted and fixed into the bone defect, depending on the medical indication. Nevertheless, for the surgeon, every individual clinical condition in which standardized scaffolds have to be aligned is challenging, and in many cases the alignment is not possible without limitations. Therefore, in the last decades, 3D printing (3DP) or additive manufacturing (AM) of scaffolds has become one of the most innovative approaches in surgery to individualize and improve the treatment of patients. Numerous biocompatible materials are available for 3DP, and various printing techniques can be applied, depending on the process conditions of these materials. Besides these conventional printing techniques, another promising approach in the context of medical AM is 3D bioprinting, a technique which makes it possible to print human cells embedded in special carrier substances to generate functional tissues. Even the direct printing into bone defects or lesions becomes possible. 3DP is already improving the treatment of patients, and has the potential to revolutionize regenerative medicine in future.
骨组织缺失后的结构和功能修复仍是再生医学面临的最大挑战之一。在许多情况下，自体骨被用于骨组织重建；然而，自体材料的可用性有限，这往往意味着给患者带来额外的压力。因此，越来越多的生物相容性材料被用于骨增量。在此背景下，为确保骨骼的结构功能，根据医学指征，将支架植入并固定到骨缺损处。然而，对于外科医生而言，每一种需要使标准化支架适配的个体临床情况都具有挑战性，而且在许多情况下，适配存在一定局限性。因此，在过去几十年中，支架的三维打印（3DP）或增材制造（AM）已成为外科手术中最具创新性的方法之一，用于实现个体化并改善患者治疗效果。有多种生物相容性材料可用于3DP，根据这些材料的加工条件可应用各种打印技术。除了这些传统打印技术，医学增材制造领域另一种有前景的方法是3D生物打印，该技术能够打印嵌入特殊载体物质中的人体细胞以生成功能性组织。甚至直接打印到骨缺损或病变部位也成为可能。3DP已经在改善患者治疗效果，并且未来有可能给再生医学带来变革。
