Callaghan Neal Ingraham, MacCormack Tyson James
Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount Allison University, Sackville, NB, Canada.
Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol. 2017 Mar;193:30-41. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.12.007. Epub 2016 Dec 23.
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are incorporated into numerous industrial, clinical, food, and consumer products and a significant body of evidence is now available on their toxicity to aquatic organisms. Environmental ENM concentrations are difficult to quantify, but production and release estimates suggest wastewater treatment plant effluent levels ranging from 10 to >10μgL for the most common formulations by production volume. Bioavailability and ENM toxicity are heavily influenced by water quality parameters and the physicochemical properties and resulting colloidal behaviour of the particular ENM formulation. ENMs generally induce only mild acute toxicity to most adult fish and crustaceans under environmentally relevant exposure scenarios; however, sensitivity may be considerably higher for certain species and life stages. In adult animals, aquatic ENM exposure often irritates respiratory and digestive epithelia and causes oxidative stress, which can be associated with cardiovascular dysfunction and the activation of immune responses. Direct interactions between ENMs (or their dissolution products) and proteins can also lead to ionoregulatory stress and/or developmental toxicity. Chronic and developmental toxicity have been noted for several common ENMs (e.g. TiO, Ag), however more data is necessary to accurately characterize long term ecological risks. The bioavailability of ENMs should be limited in saline waters but toxicity has been observed in marine animals, highlighting a need for more study on possible impacts in estuarine and coastal systems. Nano-enabled advancements in industrial processes like water treatment and remediation could provide significant net benefits to the environment and will likely temper the relatively modest impacts of incidental ENM release and exposure.
工程纳米材料（ENMs）被应用于众多工业、临床、食品和消费品中，目前已有大量证据表明其对水生生物具有毒性。环境中ENM的浓度难以量化，但生产和释放量估计表明，按产量计算，污水处理厂废水中最常见配方的ENM浓度范围为10至>10μg/L。生物可利用性和ENM毒性受水质参数以及特定ENM配方的物理化学性质和由此产生的胶体行为的严重影响。在与环境相关的暴露情景下，ENMs通常对大多数成年鱼类和甲壳类动物仅诱导轻度急性毒性；然而，某些物种和生命阶段的敏感性可能会高得多。在成年动物中，水生ENM暴露通常会刺激呼吸和消化上皮，并引起氧化应激，这可能与心血管功能障碍和免疫反应的激活有关。ENMs（或其溶解产物）与蛋白质之间的直接相互作用也可能导致离子调节应激和/或发育毒性。几种常见的ENMs（如TiO、Ag）已被注意到具有慢性和发育毒性，然而，需要更多数据来准确描述长期生态风险。ENMs在盐水中的生物可利用性应该受到限制，但在海洋动物中已观察到毒性，这突出表明需要更多地研究其对河口和沿海系统可能产生的影响。工业过程（如水处理和修复）中纳米技术的进步可能会给环境带来显著的净效益，并可能缓和偶然释放和暴露的ENMs相对较小的影响。
