Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
Branch of Medical Statistics, Biometry, and Epidemiology "G. A. Maccacaro", Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
J Affect Disord. 2017 Dec 15;224:16-26. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.12.028. Epub 2016 Dec 24.
Most of the studies investigating the effects of breakfast on cognitive performance have compared performance in subjects who have or have not consumed this meal. However, characteristics of breakfast itself may influence mental abilities. Moreover, as far as the positive effects of having breakfast is more evident, research may focus on the specific characteristics of an adequate breakfast.
To update an existing systematic review, published at the beginning of 2014, on the role of nutrient composition and/or energy intake at breakfast on the accomplishment of school-related tasks and cognition, we carried out a systematic review of the literature through PUBMED database.
From the literature search, we identified 39 papers, of which 2 were eligible according to our inclusion criteria. Both the selected papers concerned randomized crossover studies on the acute effect of breakfast carried out in a school setting in the United Kingdom. Both studies compared 2 iso-energetic breakfasts with a similar macronutrient composition; however, the alternative breakfasts were meant to differ in terms of glycemic index or glycemic load. The effects of breakfast composition were investigated on memory, attention, and information processing in both studies. However, different tests and subdomains were considered.
Studies on these issues are still inconsistent and quantitatively insufficient to draw firm conclusions.
While the hypothesis of a better mental performance with breakfast>20% daily energy intake still needs confirmation, there does appear to be extra evidence that a lower postprandial glycemic response is beneficial to mental performance.
大多数研究早餐对认知表现影响的研究比较了进食早餐和未进食早餐的受试者的表现。然而，早餐本身的特点可能会影响心理能力。此外，由于吃早餐的积极影响更为明显，研究可能会集中在充足早餐的具体特点上。
为了更新 2014 年初发表的一篇关于早餐的营养成分和/或能量摄入对完成与学校相关的任务和认知的作用的现有系统评价，我们通过 PUBMED 数据库进行了文献系统检索。
从文献检索中，我们确定了 39 篇论文，其中 2 篇符合我们的纳入标准。这两篇入选的论文都是关于在英国学校环境中进行的早餐急性作用的随机交叉研究。这两项研究比较了两种能量相同、宏量营养素组成相似的早餐；然而，替代早餐的血糖指数或血糖负荷不同。这两项研究都在记忆、注意力和信息处理方面调查了早餐成分的影响。然而，不同的测试和子领域被考虑在内。
关于这些问题的研究仍然不一致，数量不足，无法得出明确的结论。
虽然早餐摄入能量>20%的假说仍然需要确认，但似乎有更多证据表明餐后血糖反应较低有利于心理表现。
