Kochanska G, Kuczynski L, Maguire M
National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1989 Oct;17(5):493-511. doi: 10.1007/BF00916509.
Control strategies of 70 well and depressed mothers were assessed twice: when their children were of toddler age (Time 1) and, for 39 of the mothers, when their children were 5 (Time 2). At Time 1 well mothers were more direct with their children, using more direct commands and reprimands, and fewer explanations than depressed mothers. At Time 2 well mothers used fewer direct commands than depressed mothers. Self-reported negative mood preceding the interaction in well mothers was associated with decreased directness at Time 1 but increased directness at Time 2. At Time 1 depressed mothers' negative mood was associated with a decrease in the use of explanations. All mothers used more unclear commands and fewer reprimands and positive incentives with their 5-year-olds than when the children were toddlers. Depressed mothers, but not well mothers, increased their use of direct commands when the children were older. The findings are interpreted in the context of complex interplay between mother's diagnosis of depression, self-reported mood preceding the interaction, and the developmental level of the child.
对70位状态良好和抑郁的母亲的控制策略进行了两次评估：一次是在她们的孩子处于幼儿期时（时间1），对于其中39位母亲，另一次是在孩子5岁时（时间2）。在时间1，状态良好的母亲对孩子更直接，使用更多直接命令和斥责，解释比抑郁的母亲少。在时间2，状态良好的母亲使用的直接命令比抑郁的母亲少。状态良好的母亲在互动前自我报告的负面情绪在时间1与直接性降低相关，但在时间2与直接性增加相关。在时间1，抑郁母亲的负面情绪与解释的使用减少相关。与孩子处于幼儿期时相比，所有母亲对5岁孩子使用更多不明确的命令、更少的斥责和积极激励。抑郁的母亲，而不是状态良好的母亲，在孩子长大后增加了直接命令的使用。这些发现是在母亲的抑郁症诊断、互动前自我报告的情绪以及孩子的发育水平之间复杂的相互作用背景下进行解释的。
