Experimental Immunobiology, Division of Transplant Immunology and Mucosal Biology, Great Maze Pond, King's College London, SE1 9RT, UK.
University of Newcastle, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine &Public Health, Callaghan NSW 2308, Australia.
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017 Mar;14(3):143-159. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2016.191. Epub 2017 Jan 18.
Communication between the brain and gut is not one-way, but a bidirectional highway whereby reciprocal signals between the two organ systems are exchanged to coordinate function. The messengers of this complex dialogue include neural, metabolic, endocrine and immune mediators responsive to diverse environmental cues, including nutrients and components of the intestinal microbiota (microbiota-gut-brain axis). We are now starting to understand how perturbation of these systems affects transition between health and disease. The pathological repercussions of disordered gut-brain dialogue are probably especially pertinent in functional gastrointestinal diseases, including IBS and functional dyspepsia. New insights into these pathways might lead to novel treatment strategies in these common gastrointestinal diseases. In this Review, we consider the role of the immune system as the gatekeeper and master regulator of brain-gut and gut-brain communications. Although adaptive immunity (T cells in particular) participates in this process, there is an emerging role for cells of the innate immune compartment (including innate lymphoid cells and cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system). We will also consider how these key immune cells interact with the specific components of the enteric and central nervous systems, and rapidly respond to environmental variables, including the microbiota, to alter gut homeostasis.
脑与肠之间的通讯并非单行道，而是双向高速公路，两个器官系统之间通过相互的信号交换来协调功能。这种复杂对话的信息传递者包括对各种环境线索（包括营养物质和肠道微生物群的组成部分）作出反应的神经、代谢、内分泌和免疫介质。我们现在开始了解这些系统的紊乱如何影响健康与疾病之间的转变。肠道-脑通讯紊乱的病理后果在功能性胃肠道疾病（包括 IBS 和功能性消化不良）中可能尤为重要。对这些途径的新认识可能会为这些常见的胃肠道疾病带来新的治疗策略。在这篇综述中，我们考虑了免疫系统作为脑-肠和肠-脑通讯的守门员和主调控者的作用。尽管适应性免疫（特别是 T 细胞）参与了这一过程，但先天免疫细胞（包括先天淋巴细胞和单核吞噬细胞系统的细胞）的作用正在显现。我们还将考虑这些关键免疫细胞如何与肠道和中枢神经系统的特定成分相互作用，并对环境变量（包括微生物群）作出快速反应，从而改变肠道内稳态。
