Fornaguera Cristina, Solans Conxita
Sagetis-Biotech, Barcelona, 08017, Spain.
Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC) and Networking Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
J Pers Med. 2017 Jan 27;7(1):2. doi: 10.3390/jpm7010002.
The design of colloidal nanosystems intended for biomedical applications, specifically in the field of personalized medicine, has increased notably in the last years. Consequently, a variety of characterization techniques devoted to studying nanomedicine interactions with proteins and cells have been developed, since a deep characterization of nanosystems is required before starting preclinical and clinical studies. In this context, this review aims to summarize the main techniques used to assess the interaction of nanomedicines with biological systems, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages. Testing designed nanomaterials with these techniques is required in order to have more information about their behavior on a physiological environment. Moreover, techniques used to study the interaction of nanomedicines with proteins, such as albumin and fibrinogen, are summarized. These interactions are not desired, since they usually are the first signal to the body for the activation of the immune system, which leads to the clearance of the exogenous components. On the other hand, techniques for studying the cell toxicity of nanosystems are also summarized, since this information is required before starting preclinical steps. The translation of knowledge from novel designed nanosystems at a research laboratory scale to real human therapies is usually a limiting or even a final point due to the lack of systematic studies regarding these two aspects: nanoparticle interaction with biological components and nanoparticle cytotoxicity. In conclusion, this review will be a useful support for those scientists aiming to develop nanosystems for nanomedicine purposes.
近年来，用于生物医学应用，特别是个性化医学领域的胶体纳米系统的设计显著增加。因此，由于在开始临床前和临床研究之前需要对纳米系统进行深入表征，已经开发了各种致力于研究纳米药物与蛋白质和细胞相互作用的表征技术。在此背景下，本综述旨在总结用于评估纳米药物与生物系统相互作用的主要技术，突出其优缺点。需要使用这些技术对设计好的纳米材料进行测试，以便获得更多关于它们在生理环境中行为的信息。此外，还总结了用于研究纳米药物与蛋白质（如白蛋白和纤维蛋白原）相互作用的技术。这些相互作用是不理想的，因为它们通常是身体激活免疫系统的第一个信号，这会导致外源成分的清除。另一方面，也总结了研究纳米系统细胞毒性的技术，因为在开始临床前步骤之前需要这些信息。由于缺乏关于纳米颗粒与生物成分相互作用和纳米颗粒细胞毒性这两个方面的系统研究，将研究实验室规模的新型设计纳米系统的知识转化为实际人类疗法通常是一个限制因素，甚至是一个终点。总之，本综述将为那些旨在开发用于纳米医学目的的纳米系统的科学家提供有用的支持。
