Tyloch Janusz F, Wieczorek Andrzej Paweł
Chair of Urology, Department of General and Oncological Urology of the Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.
Department of Paediatric Radiology of the Medical University of Lublin.
J Ultrason. 2016 Dec;16(67):378-390. doi: 10.15557/JoU.2016.0038. Epub 2016 Dec 30.
The article discusses the principles of the proper performance of the ultrasound examination of the prostate gland. The paper has been divided into two parts: the general one and the detailed one. The first part presents the necessary requirements referring to the ultrasound apparatus for performing transabdominal examinations of the urinary bladder and the prostate gland as well as for transrectal examinations of the prostate gland. The paper also describes the techniques of performing both examinations together with the methods of measuring the capacity of the urinary bladder and the volume of the prostate gland. It also mentions the most frequent indications for performing the examinations as well as diagnostic algorithms applied in case of finding irregularities. The transabdominal ultrasonography is a part of the examination of the abdominal organs and it should be performed in patients complaining of dysuric symptoms. An addition to the examination, especially when the prostate gland is enlarged, should be the measurement of the capacity of the urinary bladder and the assessment of the amount of residual urine after voiding. The indications for the endosonographic examination of the prostate gland are patological changes found in the per rectum examination, elevated concentration of the prostate-specific antigen in the blood serum, cancer and inflammations of the prostate gland if an abscess is suspected, qualification for surgery in the course of benign prostatic hyperplasia and the diagnostics of disorders of ejaculation. A standard procedure performed in case of prostate cancer for the purpose of obtaining specimens for the histopathology examination is biopsy carried out with transrectal ultrasound imaging. The paper presents the indications and techniques of performing prostate biopsy, as well as the types of biopsies together with the necessary preparation and the protection against its side effects for the patient. The paper also lists the necessary elements of the description of the presented procedures. The second part of the paper presents the application of the ultrasound examination in benign prostatic hyperplasia, in cases of inflammation and in prostate cancer.
本文讨论了前列腺超声检查正确操作的原则。文章分为两部分：一般部分和详细部分。第一部分介绍了用于经腹检查膀胱和前列腺以及经直肠检查前列腺的超声设备的必要要求。本文还描述了两种检查的操作技术以及测量膀胱容量和前列腺体积的方法。它还提到了进行这些检查最常见的适应症以及发现异常情况时应用的诊断算法。经腹超声检查是腹部器官检查的一部分，应在有排尿困难症状的患者中进行。除了检查外，尤其是当前列腺肿大时，还应测量膀胱容量并评估排尿后残余尿量。前列腺内超声检查的适应症包括直肠指检发现的病理变化、血清中前列腺特异性抗原浓度升高、怀疑有脓肿时的前列腺癌和炎症、良性前列腺增生病程中的手术资格评估以及射精障碍的诊断。前列腺癌患者为获取组织病理学检查标本而进行的标准操作是经直肠超声成像引导下的活检。本文介绍了前列腺活检的适应症和技术，以及活检的类型、必要的准备工作和对患者副作用的预防措施。本文还列出了所介绍程序描述的必要要素。文章的第二部分介绍了超声检查在良性前列腺增生、炎症和前列腺癌中的应用。
