Federico Giovanni, Gori Martina, Randazzo Emioli, Vierucci Francesco
Unit of Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
Pediatric Unit, San Luca Hospital, Lucca, Italy.
SAGE Open Med. 2016 Dec 9;4:2050312116682126. doi: 10.1177/2050312116682126. eCollection 2016.
This study was conducted to assess whether formula-fed infants had increased skin advanced glycation end-products compared with breastfed ones. We also evaluated the effect of maternal smoke during pregnancy and lactation on infant skin advanced glycation end-products accumulation.
Advanced glycation end-product-linked skin autofluorescence was measured in 101 infants.
In infants born from non-smoking mothers, advanced glycation end-products were higher in formula-fed subjects than in breastfed subjects (0.80 (0.65-0.90) vs 1.00 (0.85-1.05), p < 0.001). Advanced glycation end-products in breastfed infants from smoking mothers were higher than in those from non-smoking mothers (0.80 (0.65-0.90) vs 1.00 (0.90-1.17), p = 0.009).
Formula-fed infants had increased amounts of advanced glycation end-products compared with the breastfed ones, confirming that breast milk represents the best food for infants. Breastfed infants from mothers smoking during pregnancy and lactation had increased skin advanced glycation end-products, suggesting that smoke-related advanced glycation end-products transfer throughout breast milk. Moreover, advanced glycation end-products may already increase during gestation, possibly affecting fetal development. Thus, we reinforced that smoking must be stopped during pregnancy and lactation.
本研究旨在评估配方奶喂养的婴儿与母乳喂养的婴儿相比，其皮肤晚期糖基化终产物是否增加。我们还评估了孕期和哺乳期母亲吸烟对婴儿皮肤晚期糖基化终产物积累的影响。
对101名婴儿测量了与晚期糖基化终产物相关的皮肤自发荧光。
在非吸烟母亲所生的婴儿中，配方奶喂养的婴儿晚期糖基化终产物水平高于母乳喂养的婴儿（0.80（0.65 - 0.90）对1.00（0.85 - 1.05），p < 0.001）。吸烟母亲所生的母乳喂养婴儿的晚期糖基化终产物水平高于非吸烟母亲所生的母乳喂养婴儿（0.80（0.65 - 0.90）对1.00（0.90 - 1.17），p = 0.009）。
与母乳喂养的婴儿相比，配方奶喂养的婴儿晚期糖基化终产物含量增加，这证实了母乳是婴儿的最佳食物。孕期和哺乳期吸烟母亲所生的母乳喂养婴儿皮肤晚期糖基化终产物增加，表明与吸烟相关的晚期糖基化终产物可通过母乳传递。此外，晚期糖基化终产物可能在孕期就已增加，可能影响胎儿发育。因此，我们强调孕期和哺乳期必须戒烟。
