Hydrogen Peroxide Pretreatment Mitigates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress in L.: An Intrinsic Study on Antioxidant Defense and Glyoxalase Systems.

Cadmium (Cd) is considered as one of the most toxic metals for plant growth and development. In the present study, we investigated the role of externally applied hydrogen peroxide (HO) in regulating the antioxidant defense and glyoxalase systems in conferring Cd-induced oxidative stress tolerance in rapeseed ( L.). Seedlings were pretreated with 50 μM HO for 24 h. These pretreated seedlings as well as non-pretreated seedlings were grown for another 48 h at two concentrations of CdCl (0.5 and 1.0 mM). Both the levels of Cd increased MDA and HO levels and lipoxygenase activity while ascorbate (AsA) declined significantly. However, reduced glutathione (GSH) content showed an increase at 0.5 mM CdCl, but glutathione disulfide (GSSG) increased at any level of Cd with a decrease in GSH/GSSG ratio. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione -transferase (GST) upregulated due to Cd treatment in dose-dependent manners, while glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) increased only at 0.5 mM CdCl and decreased at higher dose. The activity of monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), catalase (CAT), glyoxalase I (Gly I), and glyoxalase II (Gly II) decreased under Cd stress. On the other hand, HO pretreated seedlings, when exposed to Cd, AsA and GSH contents and GSH/GSSG ratio increased noticeably. HO pretreatment increased the activities of APX, MDHAR, DHAR, GR, GST, GPX, and CAT of Cd affected seedlings. Thus enhancement of both the non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants helped to decrease the oxidative damage as indicated by decreased levels of HO and MDA. The seedlings which were pretreated with HO also showed enhanced glyoxalase system. The activities of Gly I, and Gly II and the content of GSH increased significantly due to HO pretreatment in Cd affected seedlings, compared to the Cd-stressed plants without HO pretreatment which were vital for methylglyoxal detoxification. So, the major roles of HO were improvement of antioxidant defense system and glyoxalase system which protected plants from the damage effects of ROS and MG. The mechanism of HO to induce antioxidant defense and glyoxalase system and improving physiology under stress condition is not known clearly which should be elucidated. The signaling roles of HO and its interaction with other signaling molecules, phytohormones or other biomolecules and their roles in stress protection should be explored.