Blanchard Caroline C V, McGlashan Hannah L, French Blandine, Sperring Rachel J, Petrocochino Bianca, Holmes Nicholas P
School of Psychology, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham, UK.
School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading Reading, UK.
Front Psychol. 2017 Mar 16;8:374. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00374. eCollection 2017.
Goal-directed hand movements are guided by sensory information and may be adjusted 'online,' during the movement. If the target of a movement unexpectedly changes position, trajectory corrections can be initiated in as little as 100 ms in adults. This rapid visual online control is impaired in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), and potentially in other neurodevelopmental conditions. We investigated the visual control of hand movements in children in a 'center-out' double-step reaching and grasping task, and examined how parameters of this visuomotor control co-vary with performance on standardized motor tests often used with typically and atypically developing children. Two groups of children aged 8-12 years were asked to reach and grasp an illuminated central ball on a vertically oriented board. On a proportion of trials, and at movement onset, the illumination switched unpredictably to one of four other balls in a center-out configuration (left, right, up, or down). When the target moved, all but one of the children were able to correct their movements before reaching the initial target, at least on some trials, but the latencies to initiate these corrections were longer than those typically reported in the adult literature, ranging from 211 to 581 ms. These later corrections may be due to less developed motor skills in children, or to the increased cognitive and biomechanical complexity of switching movements in four directions. In the first group ( = 187), reaching and grasping parameters significantly predicted standardized movement scores on the MABC-2, most strongly for the aiming and catching component. In the second group ( = 85), these same parameters did not significantly predict scores on the DCDQ'07 parent questionnaire. Our reaching and grasping task provides a sensitive and continuous measure of movement skill that predicts scores on standardized movement tasks used to screen for DCD.
目标导向的手部动作由感觉信息引导，并且在动作过程中可能会“在线”调整。如果动作目标意外改变位置，成年人在短短100毫秒内就能启动轨迹校正。这种快速的视觉在线控制在患有发育性协调障碍（DCD）的儿童以及其他潜在的神经发育状况中会受损。我们在“中心向外”双步伸手抓握任务中研究了儿童手部动作的视觉控制，并研究了这种视觉运动控制参数如何与通常用于典型和非典型发育儿童的标准化运动测试成绩共同变化。两组8至12岁的儿童被要求伸手抓握垂直板上的一个发光中心球。在一定比例的试验中，在动作开始时，照明会不可预测地切换到中心向外配置的其他四个球之一（左、右、上或下）。当目标移动时，除一名儿童外，其他所有儿童至少在某些试验中能够在到达初始目标之前纠正他们的动作，但启动这些校正的延迟比成人文献中通常报道的要长，范围从211到581毫秒。这些较晚的校正可能是由于儿童运动技能发育不完善，或者是由于向四个方向切换动作时认知和生物力学复杂性增加。在第一组（= 187）中，伸手抓握参数显著预测了MABC - 2上的标准化运动成绩，对瞄准和接球部分的预测最为强烈。在第二组（= 85）中，这些相同的参数并没有显著预测DCDQ'07家长问卷上的得分。我们的伸手抓握任务提供了一种对运动技能敏感且连续的测量方法，可预测用于筛查DCD的标准化运动任务的成绩。
