a Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada.
b Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2017 Aug;42(8):793-801. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0705. Epub 2017 Apr 13.
The consumption of non-nutritive, low, or no-calorie sweeteners (LCS) is increasing globally. Previously thought to be physiologically inert, there is a growing body of evidence that LCS not only provide a sweet taste but may also elicit metabolic effects in the gastrointestinal tract. This review provides a brief overview of the chemical and receptor-binding properties and effects on chemosensation of different LCS but focuses on the extent to which LCS stimulates glucose transport, incretin and insulin secretion, and effects on glucose tolerance. Aspartame and sucralose both bind to a similar region of the sweet receptor. For sucralose, the data are contradictory regarding effects on glucose tolerance in humans and may depend on the food or beverage matrix and the duration of administration, as suggested by longer term rodent studies. For aspartame, there are fewer data. On the other hand, acesulfame-potassium (Ace-K) and saccharin have similar binding characteristics to each other but, while Ace-K may increase incretin secretion and glucose responses in humans, there are no data on saccharin except in rats, which show impaired glucose tolerance after chronic administration. Additional research, particularly of the effects of chronic consumption, is needed to provide concrete evidence for beneficial or detrimental effects of LCS on blood glucose regulation in humans.
非营养性、低热量或无热量甜味剂（LCS）的消费在全球范围内不断增加。先前认为这些甜味剂在生理上是惰性的，但越来越多的证据表明，LCS 不仅提供甜味，而且可能在胃肠道中引起代谢作用。
这篇综述简要概述了不同 LCS 的化学和受体结合特性以及对化学感觉的影响，但重点介绍了 LCS 刺激葡萄糖转运、肠促胰岛素和胰岛素分泌以及对葡萄糖耐量的影响的程度。阿斯巴甜和三氯蔗糖都与甜味受体的相似区域结合。对于三氯蔗糖，关于其对人类葡萄糖耐量的影响的数据存在矛盾，并且可能取决于食物或饮料基质和给药时间，如长期啮齿动物研究所示。对于阿斯巴甜，数据较少。另一方面，乙酰磺胺酸钾（Ace-K）和糖精彼此具有相似的结合特性，但 Ace-K 可能会增加人类的肠促胰岛素分泌和葡萄糖反应，而关于糖精的数据除外，除了在大鼠中，慢性给药后会出现葡萄糖耐量受损。
需要进一步的研究，特别是关于慢性消费的影响，以提供关于 LCS 对人类血糖调节有益或有害影响的确凿证据。
