Rots Veerle, Lentfer Carol, Schmid Viola C, Porraz Guillaume, Conard Nicholas J
Chercheur Qualifié du FNRS, TraceoLab / Prehistory, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
TraceoLab / Prehistory, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
PLoS One. 2017 Apr 26;12(4):e0175151. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175151. eCollection 2017.
Projectile technology is considered to appear early in the southern African Middle Stone Age (MSA) and the rich and high resolution MSA sequence of Sibudu Cave in KwaZulu-Natal has provided many new insights about the use and hafting of various projectile forms. We present the results of a functional and technological analysis on a series of unpublished serrated bifacial points recently recovered from the basal deposits of Sibudu Cave. These serrated tools, which only find equivalents in the neighbouring site of Umhlatuzana, precede the Still Bay techno-complex and are older than 77 ka BP. Independent residue and use-wear analyses were performed in a phased procedure involving two separate analysts, which allowed the engagement between two separate lines of functional evidence. Thanks to the excellent preservation at Sibudu Cave, a wide range of animal, plant and mineral residues were observed in direct relation with diagnostic wear patterns. The combination of technological, wear and residue evidence allowed us to confirm that the serration was manufactured with bone compressors and that the serrated points were mounted with a composite adhesive as the tips of projectiles used in hunting activities. The suite of technological and functional data pushes back the evidence for the use of pressure flaking during the MSA and highlights the diversity of the technical innovations adopted by southern African MSA populations. We suggest the serrated points from the stratigraphic units Adam to Darya of Sibudu illustrate one important technological adaptation of the southern African MSA and provide another example of the variability of MSA bifacial technologies.
抛射技术被认为在南部非洲中石器时代（MSA）早期就已出现，夸祖鲁 - 纳塔尔省西布杜洞穴丰富且高分辨率的MSA序列为各种抛射形式的使用和 hafting（此处可能有误，推测为“ hafting ，意为柄接、 hafting 技术是将工具固定在柄上的技术”）提供了许多新见解。我们展示了对最近从西布杜洞穴底部沉积物中发现的一系列未发表的锯齿状双面尖状器进行功能和技术分析的结果。这些锯齿状工具仅在邻近的乌姆拉图扎纳遗址有类似物，早于斯蒂尔湾技术复合体，且年代早于距今77000年。独立的残留物和使用痕迹分析分阶段进行，涉及两位独立的分析人员，这使得两条独立的功能证据线得以结合。由于西布杜洞穴保存完好，观察到了与诊断性磨损模式直接相关的广泛的动物、植物和矿物残留物。技术、磨损和残留物证据的结合使我们能够确认锯齿是用骨制压制工具制造的，并且锯齿状尖状器作为狩猎活动中使用的抛射物尖端，是用复合粘合剂安装的。这套技术和功能数据将中石器时代使用压力剥落技术的证据往前推，并突出了南部非洲中石器时代人群所采用的技术创新的多样性。我们认为，西布杜洞穴从地层单元亚当到达里亚的锯齿状尖状器说明了南部非洲中石器时代的一项重要技术适应，并提供了另一个中石器时代双面技术变异性的例子。
