Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Duke University.
Child Dev. 2018 Sep;89(5):1691-1703. doi: 10.1111/cdev.12816. Epub 2017 May 15.
When children make a joint commitment to collaborate, obligations are created. Pairs of 3-year-old children (N = 144) made a joint commitment to play a game. In three different conditions the game was interrupted in the middle either because: (a) the partner child intentionally defected, (b) the partner child was ignorant about how to play, or (c) the apparatus broke. The subject child reacted differently in the three cases, protesting normatively against defection (with emotional arousal and later tattling), teaching when the partner seemed to be ignorant, or simply blaming the apparatus when it broke. These results suggest that 3-year-old children are competent in making appropriate normative evaluations of intentions and obligations of collaborative partners.
当孩子们共同承诺合作时，就会产生义务。研究人员招募了 144 名 3 岁儿童，让他们两两一组共同承诺玩一个游戏。在三种不同的情境下，游戏会在中途被打断：（a）同伴故意背叛，（b）同伴不知道如何玩游戏，或者（c）设备坏了。在这三种情况下，受试儿童的反应不同，他们会对背叛行为进行规范上的抗议（表现出情绪激动和后来的告状行为），在同伴看起来无知的情况下进行教学，或者当设备坏了时简单地指责设备。这些结果表明，3 岁儿童能够对合作伙伴的意图和义务进行适当的规范评价。
