Heesen Raphaela, Genty Emilie, Rossano Federico, Zuberbühler Klaus, Bangerter Adrian
Institute of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
Learn Behav. 2017 Dec;45(4):390-405. doi: 10.3758/s13420-017-0287-9.
Social play has a complex, cooperative nature that requires substantial coordination. This has led researchers to use social games to study cognitive abilities like shared intentionality, the skill and motivation to share goals and intentions with others during joint action. We expand this proposal by considering play as a joint action and examining how shared intentionality is achieved during human joint action. We describe how humans get into, conduct, and get out of joint actions together in an orderly way, thereby constructing the state of "togetherness" characteristic of shared intentionality. These processes play out as three main phases, the opening (where participants are ratified and joint commitments are established), the main body (where progress, ongoing commitments, and possible role reversals are coordinated), and the closing (where the intention to terminate the action is coordinated and where participants take leave of each other). We use this process in humans as a framework for examining how various animal species get into, maintain, and get out of play bouts. This comparative approach constitutes an alternative measure of those species' possession of shared intentionality. Using this framework, we review the play literature on human children and different social species of mammals and birds in search of behavioral markers of shared intentionality in the coordination of play bouts. We discuss how our approach could shed light on the evolution of the special human motivation to cooperate and share psychological states with others.
社交游戏具有复杂的合作性质，需要大量的协调。这使得研究人员利用社交游戏来研究诸如共享意向性等认知能力，即在联合行动中与他人分享目标和意图的技能与动机。我们通过将游戏视为一种联合行动，并研究在人类联合行动中如何实现共享意向性，来扩展这一观点。我们描述了人类如何有序地共同进入、进行和结束联合行动，从而构建出共享意向性所特有的“在一起”状态。这些过程呈现为三个主要阶段：开场（参与者得到认可并建立联合承诺）、主体部分（协调进展、持续承诺以及可能的角色转换）和结束（协调终止行动的意图以及参与者相互离开）。我们将人类的这一过程作为一个框架，来研究各种动物物种如何进入、维持和结束游戏回合。这种比较方法构成了衡量这些物种是否具备共享意向性的另一种方式。利用这个框架，我们回顾了关于人类儿童以及不同社会物种的哺乳动物和鸟类的游戏文献，以寻找在游戏回合协调中共享意向性的行为标志。我们讨论了我们的方法如何能够阐明人类与他人合作并分享心理状态这一特殊动机的进化过程。
