Magarlamov Timur Yu, Melnikova Daria I, Chernyshev Alexey V
National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690041, Russia.
School of Biomedicine, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690090, Russia.
Toxins (Basel). 2017 May 17;9(5):166. doi: 10.3390/toxins9050166.
This review is devoted to the marine bacterial producers of tetrodotoxin (TTX), a potent non-protein neuroparalytic toxin. In addition to the issues of the ecology and distribution of TTX-producing bacteria, this review examines issues relating to toxin migration from bacteria to TTX-bearing animals. It is shown that the mechanism of TTX extraction from toxin-producing bacteria to the environment occur through cell death, passive/active toxin excretion, or spore germination of spore-forming bacteria. Data on TTX microdistribution in toxic organs of TTX-bearing animals indicate toxin migration from the digestive system to target organs through the transport system of the organism. The role of symbiotic microflora in animal toxicity is also discussed: despite low toxin production by bacterial strains in laboratory conditions, even minimal amounts of TTX produced by intestinal microflora of an animal can contribute to its toxicity. Special attention is paid to methods of TTX detection applicable to bacteria. Due to the complexity of toxin detection in TTX-producing bacteria, it is necessary to use several methods based on different methodological approaches. Issues crucial for further progress in detecting natural sources of TTX investigation are also considered.
本综述致力于研究河豚毒素（TTX）的海洋细菌生产者，河豚毒素是一种强效非蛋白质神经麻痹毒素。除了产生TTX的细菌的生态学和分布问题外，本综述还研究了与毒素从细菌转移到携带TTX的动物相关的问题。结果表明，TTX从产毒素细菌向环境中提取的机制是通过细胞死亡、被动/主动毒素排泄或产芽孢细菌的孢子萌发实现的。关于TTX在携带TTX动物的有毒器官中的微观分布数据表明，毒素通过生物体的运输系统从消化系统转移到靶器官。还讨论了共生微生物群在动物毒性中的作用：尽管实验室条件下细菌菌株产生的毒素量很低，但动物肠道微生物群产生的即使是极少量的TTX也可能导致其毒性。特别关注适用于细菌的TTX检测方法。由于在产TTX细菌中检测毒素的复杂性，有必要使用基于不同方法学途径的几种方法。还考虑了在检测TTX天然来源调查中取得进一步进展的关键问题。
